3.1.3 Bonding Flashcards
Explain the structure present in Ionic bonding
giant ionic lattice
describe the bonding present in ionic bonding
strong electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged ions
what is the formula for sulphate ions
SO₄²-
what is the formula for a hydroxide
OH-
what is the formula for nitrate
NO3-
what is the formula for carbonate
CO₃²⁻
what is the formula for ammonium
NH4+
how can you represent a co-ordinate bond
an arrow
what is a co-ordinate/ dative bond
shared pair of electrons with both electrons being supplied by one atom
what does metallic bonding involve
electrostatic forces of attraction between positvely charged ions and the delocalised electrons
how are the positive ions arranged in metallic bonding
in a giant metallic lattice
what are the 4 types of crystal stuctures
-ionic
-metallic
-macromolecular
-simple molecular
what shape has 2BP 0LP
Linear
what shape has 3BP 0LP
trigonal planar
what shape has 2BP 1LP
Bent/ Angular
what shape has 4BP 0LP
tetrahaedral
what shape has 3BP and 1LP
trigonal pyramidal
what shape has 2BP 2LP
Bent/ Angular
what shape has 5BP and 0 LP
trigonal bipyramid
what shape has 4BP 1LP
Seesaw
what shape has 3BP 2LP
T-Shape
what shape has 2BP 3LP
Linear
what shape has 6BP and 0LP
Octaehaedral
what shape has 5BP 1LP
sqaure pyramid
what shape has 4BP 2LP
square planar
what shape has 3 BP 3LP
T-shape
what shape has 4BP 2LP
Linear
what s the bond angle in a linear shape
180 degrees
what is the bond angle in a trigonal planar
120 degrees
what is the bond angle in a tetrahaedral
109.5
what is the bond angle in a trigonal bipyramidal
90 degrees
what is the bond angle in a seasaw
90
120
degrees
what is the bond angle in an octahedral
90 degrees
what is the bond angle in a square planar
90 degrees
why do lone pairs of repulsion reduce the bond angle by 2.5 degreees
they arrange themselves as far apart as possible to minimise repulsion
which type of repulsion is greaterr
lone-pair lone-pair
what is the second highest repulsion
lone-pair bond-pair
what is the least type of repulsion
bond-pair bond-pair
what is meant by the term electronegativity
the power to attract electrons in a covalent bond
what may cause a polar covalent bond
when the electronegativites are unsymmetrrical
what are the different types of intermolecular forces
permanent dipole-dipole
hydrogen
Van-Der Waal forcces
what is the strongest intermolecular force
hydrogen bondng
what is the least strongest type of intermolecular forces
Van-Der Waal forces
describe Van Deer Waal forces
Sodium fluoride contains (Na+) and (F-)
and they both have the same electron configuration
Explain why fluoride ions are larger than sodium ions
-fluoride ions have fewer protons
-therefore nuclear charge decreases
-weaker attraction between the nucleus and outermost electrons
describe how permanent dipole-dipole forces arise
-differences in electronegativity
-the dipoles dont cancel out
-attraction between delta positive and negative molecules
what can you conclude when there are no lone pairs
the electrons repel equally
explain why the electronegativity increases as you go across a period
-number of protons increases
-atomic radius decreases
-cause electrons are pulled more
explain why the electronegativity decreases as you go down the group
-distance between nucleus and outermost electrons increases
-shielding also increases
what is a factor that affects the size of Van deer waal forces
the Mr
-more electrons
what happens to the boiling point/ melting point when the van der waal forces incresease
it increseas
where do van der waal forces occur
in ALL molecules
what is the shape of polar molecules
asymmetrical
why do polar molecules occur
due to a differnece in the eelctronegativity
when are polar molecules fromed
when thee dipoles dont cancel out
give examples of a macromolecualr structure
-graphite
-diamond
explain hydrogen bonding
when hydrogen is attached to nitrogen
oxygen
fluorine
what do nitrogen
fluorine
oxygen
have in common
they are the most electronegative elements
what happens when theres a difference in the electronegativity
theres a permanent dipole
why do some molecules have a polar bond but they dont have a dipole
-dependant on the shape of the molecule
- the dipoles cancel out
what happens when the arrows face opposite directons
no dipole
non-polar
what happens when the arrows face opposite ddirectiosn
they cancel out and theres no dipole
what happens wwhen the arrows face the same direction
theres a dipole
and the bond polarities dont cancel
makes a polar molecule
where do permanent dipole-dipole forces occurs
molecules with a permanenet dipole
what is a single bond known as
sigma bond
what is a double bond known as?
pi bond
what is polar bond
a charge imbalance
due to a difference in electronegativites
