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QCAA Biology Unit 3 & 4 > 3.1.2b - Classification Processes - Species > Flashcards

3.1.2b - Classification Processes - Species Flashcards

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1
Q

define classification

A

Putting things into groups

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2
Q

define taxonomy

A

the identification and naming of organisms

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3
Q

define Heirarchy

A

a system of ranking where small gorups are nested within larger ones

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4
Q

describe the Linnaean system of classification

A
  • large groups being divided up into progressively smaller groups by their physical characteristics
  • a taxon is any group within a system of classification and is a collection of organisms sharing some basic features
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5
Q

what is the order of the Linnaean system?

A

Domain: three domains
Kingdom: Five kingdoms
Phylum: Grouping of classes that share common features
Class: Grouping of similar orders
Order: Grouping of related families
Family: Grouping of similar genera
Genus: Group of species that are very closely related
Species: A group of organisms that share many common characteristics and which can interbreed to produce fertile offspring

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6
Q

what is the mnemonic to remember linnaeus classification order

A

dirty - domain
king - kingdom
phillip - phylum
comes - class
over - order
for - family
good - genus
sex - species

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7
Q

describe the features of the Linnaean system of classification

A
  1. hierarchial rank-based structure of classifying organisms
  2. Three domains, divided into kingdoms, phyla, classes, orders, families, genus and species
  3. uses binomial nomenclature to name classified organisms at the Genus species level
  4. uses morphological features of organisms to create groups according to their similarities/features of the groups become more similar at each lower taxon
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8
Q

describe the features of Asexual reproduction

A
  1. Involvesone parent only
  2. Gametes are not produced
  3. Offspring are genetically identical to the parent
  4. the cell division are only mitotic
  5. large number of plants are produced in a very short time
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9
Q

describe the features of sexual reproduction

A
  1. Involves two organisms
  2. Gametes are produced by the organisms
  3. offspring show genetic variation
  4. Gametes are produced by meiotic divisions and zygote develops by mitotic division
  5. comparatively the number produced is less
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10
Q

what are the advantages of Asexual reproduction?

A
  1. does not require special cells or a lot of energy
  2. can produce offspring quickly
  3. in a stable enviornment creates large, thriving population
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11
Q

what are the disadvantages of Asexual reproduction?

A
  1. limited ability to adapt
  2. face massive die-off if environment changes
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12
Q

what are the advantages to sexual reproduction?

A
  1. lots of variation within a species
  2. able to live in a variety of environmental settings
  3. able to adapt to changes in the environment
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13
Q

what are disadvantages of sexual reproduction?

A
  • needs time and energy
  • produce small populations
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14
Q

what are the 2 methods of sexual reproduction?

A
  1. r-strategists
  2. k-strategists
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15
Q

what are the features of an r-strategist?

A
  • short life
  • rapid growth
  • early maturity
  • many small offspring
  • little parental care
  • little investment in individual offspring
  • adapted to unstable environment
  • pioneers, coloniziers
  • niche generalists –> able to adapt to many locations
  • prey
  • regulated mainly by external factors
  • lower trophic level
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16
Q

what is an example of an r-strategist?

A
  • rabbit
  • bacteria
  • plants that growth annually
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17
Q

what does the population graph of r-stategists look like and why?

A
  • controlled by density independent factors
  • e.g. climatic events, fires
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18
Q

what are the features of a k-strategist?

A
  • long life
  • slower growth
  • late maturity
  • fewer large offspring
  • high parental care and protection
  • high investment in individual offspring
  • adapted to stable environment
  • later stages of succession
  • niche specialists
  • predators
  • regulated mainly by external factors
  • higher trophic levels
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19
Q

what are some examples of k-strategists?

A
  • elephants
  • humans
  • trees
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20
Q

what does a K-strategist graph look like and why?

A
  • relatively stable
  • density independent
  • limited by carrying capacity
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21
Q

what are the 4 species interactions that are used to classify?

A
  1. predation
  2. competition
  3. symbiosis
  4. disease
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22
Q

define predation

A
  • species 1 benefits
  • species 2 is harmed
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23
Q

define competition

A

species/individual 1 is harmed
species/individual 2 harmed
- individuals are competing for space, resources, mates tec.

24
Q

define interspecific competition

A

between members of different species

25
Q

define intraspecific competition

A

between members of the same species

26
Q

what are the 4 types of symbiosis?

A
  1. mutualism
  2. commensalism
  3. amensalism
  4. parasitism
27
Q

define mutualism

A

both species benefit from the interaction
- e.g. anemone protects clownfish, clownfish provides faecal matter for food

28
Q

define commensalism

A

one species benefits, the other is unaffected
- e.g barnacles transported to plankton-rich waters by whales

29
Q

define amensalism

A

one species is inhibited or destroyed and the other is unaffected
- e.g. barnacles transported to plankton-rich waters by whales

30
Q

define parasitism

A

one species benefits to the detriment of the other species
- e.g. ticks or fleas feed on the blood of their canine host

31
Q

what are the 4 organisms involved with disease?

A
  1. parasite
  2. pathogen
  3. host
  4. vector
32
Q

define parasite

A

an organism that lives on or in another organism, causing it some harm

33
Q

define pathogen

A

A biological agent that causes disease or illness

34
Q

define host

A

An organism that harbours a parasitic, a mutualistic, or a commensalist guest (symbiont)

35
Q

define vector

A

An organism that does not cause disease itself but which spreads by spreading pathogens from one host to another

36
Q

define molecular phylogeny/cladistics

A
  • comparing the sequence of DNA between species
37
Q

what is the structure of DNA?

A
  • made up of deoxyribose sugar and phosphate backbone, linked by four nitrogeneous bases
38
Q

how do you compare DNA sequences of different species?

A
  • the greater the difference in DNA sequences, more time is presumed to have passed since they shared a common ancestor
39
Q

what is a molecular clock?

A
  • used based on the assumption that differences in species are occurring at a regular time (i.e. 10 mutations every 10 000 years)
  • the longer ago they shared a common ancestor, the more time there has been for substitution of genes to occur
40
Q

how do proteins mutate based on molecular phylogeny?

A
  • DNA is the recipe for building protein
  • different amino acids make different proteins
41
Q

what are the 3 different places DNA is found?

A
  • plants: chloroplasts
  • Mitochondria: nucleolus
  • Eukaryotic cells: nucleus
42
Q

recall by heart the 3 common assumptions of cladistics?

A
  1. Any group of organisms are related by descent from a common ancestor
  2. There is a bifuricating pattern of cladogenesis
  3. Change in physical characteristics occurs in lineages over time
43
Q

explain what the cladistics assumption of ‘common ancestor’ means?

A
  • no spontaneous spawning of species, meaning they all come from a descendant
44
Q

explain what the cladistics assumption of ‘bifurcation’ means?

A
  • when the lineage splits, it divides into exactly two groups
45
Q

explain what the cladistics assumption of ‘physical change’ means?

A
  • that characteristics of organisms change overtime
46
Q

what does a phylogenic tree look like?

A

refer to photo

47
Q

recall the 6 parts of phylogentic trees?

A
  • node: where the lineages diverge
  • branch: each line on a tree
  • leaf: where the line ends (no new node follows)
  • sister taxa: the closest relatives of another given unit in an evolutionary tree
  • outgroup: a group that is less closely related than any one of the single ingroups are to each other
  • root: the very first node that represents the common ancestor of all species
48
Q

what does a clade visually look like on a phylogenetic tree?

A

refer to photo

49
Q

what does extant vs extinct mean?

A

extant: living
extinct: dead

50
Q

how do you read a lader-like tree vs a binary tree and interpret them?

A
  • a ladder-like tree would be consistent with a group of HIGHLY divergent species
  • a nearly complete binary tree would be consistent with a group of CLOSELY related species
51
Q

how to you read a time rooted tree?

A
  • look at the nodes and compare to the scale to determine the most recent common ancestor
  • right to left = most recent to most distant
52
Q

How do you read a genetic rooted tree?

A
  • the horizontal branch lengths represent the difference in genetics between the different species
  • need a ruler and measure ALL horizontal distances between the species
  • most closely related = shortest distance
53
Q

what is the morphological definition of a species?

A
  • based on appearance
  • e.g male vs female features
  • e.g different stages of species life-cycle
  • linneus system uses this
54
Q

what is the biological definition of a species?

A
  • the offspring of a species must be able to reproduce (i.e must be fertile)
55
Q

what is the ecological definition of a species?

A
  • the resources that the particular group of organisms uses, and depends on the specialised ecological niche the group occupies

QCAA Biology Unit 3 & 4 (9 decks)

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