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AQA Biology > 3.1.2.2 Carbohydrates - Monosaccharides to Polysaccharides > Flashcards

3.1.2.2 Carbohydrates - Monosaccharides to Polysaccharides Flashcards

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1
Q

Name a structural polysaccharide

A

Cellulose (plant cell walls)

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2
Q

Identify the monosaccharide

A

Galactose

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3
Q

Which elements make up carbohydrates?

A

Carbon

Hydrogen

Oxygen

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4
Q

When 2 monosaccharides join together, they form a…

A

disaccharide

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5
Q

What happens during a condensation reaction?

A

A water molecule is released from the reacting molecules

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6
Q

How many covalent bonds does carbon make?

A

4

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7
Q

Which type of reaction takes place when two monosaccharides join together?

A

Condensation Reaction

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8
Q

Polysaccharides are large. This means that they…

A

are insoluble (will not dissolve)

Cannot escape from the cell

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9
Q

Identify the monosaccharide

A

α-Glucose

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10
Q

What happens during hydrolysis

A

A water molecule reacts with a polymer to break it down.

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11
Q

Name the bond that forms between two monosaccharides

A

Glycosidic bond

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12
Q

An individual unit of a biological molecule is called a…

A

monomer

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13
Q

Which type of reaction takes place when a disaccharide or polysaccharide is broken down?

A

Hydrolysis

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14
Q

Identify the monosaccharide

A

Fructose

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15
Q

Name 3 common disaccharides

A

Maltose (alpha glucose + alpha glucose)

Sucrose (alpha glucose + fructose)

Lactose (alpha glucose + galactose)

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16
Q

What is an isomer?

A

Molecules that have the same chemical formula but whose atoms are arranged differently.

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17
Q

Long chains of repeating molecules are called…

A

polymers

18
Q

A 6 carbon sugar is called a…

A

hexose

19
Q

Glucose + Fructose –> _________

A

Glucose + Fructose –> Sucrose

20
Q

A 3 carbon sugar is called a…

A

triose

21
Q

The general chemical formula of a monosaccharide is…

A

(CH2O)n where n is the number of carbon atoms.

22
Q

Alpha Glucose + Alpha Glucose –> _________

A

Alpha Glucose + Alpha Glucose –> Maltose

23
Q

Identify the monosaccharide

A

β-Glucose

24
Q

When many monosaccharides join together, they form a…

A

polysaccharide

25
Q

A molecule containing carbon is called an…

A

organic molecule

26
Q

An individual sugar molecule is called a…

A

monosaccharide

27
Q

Name 4 common hexose monomers

A

α-Glucose

β-Glucose

Galactose

Fructose

28
Q

Name 2 common storage polysaccharides

A

Glycogen

Starch

29
Q

Which 4 elements make up most biological molecules?

A

Carbon

Hydrogen

Oxygen

Nitrogen

30
Q

Alpha Glucose + Galactose –> _________

A

Alpha Glucose + Galactose –> Lactose

31
Q

Polysaccharides are used in cells for _____________ and ____________

A

Storage (energy)

Structure (cell walls)

32
Q

Name the monomer that makes up maltose

A

2 x alpha glucose

33
Q

sucrose hydrolysis produces..

A

fructose and

alpha glucose

34
Q

How is starch related to its function?

A
  1. Helical/ spiral shape so compact;
  2. Large (molecule)/insoluble so osmotically inactive;
  3. Branched so glucose is (easily) released for respiration;
  4. Large (molecule) so cannot leave cell/cross cell-surface membrane;
35
Q

How is the structure of cellulose suited to its function?

A

Long, straight/unbranched chains of β glucose;

Joined by hydrogen bonding;

To form (micro/macro)fibrils;

Provides rigidity/strength;

36
Q

Which enzymes are required for the complete digestion of starch?

A

amylase and maltase

37
Q

Give 2 differences between the structure of cellulose and glycogen

A

celluose molecules straight chains;glycogen branched

cellulose beta glucose;glycogen alpha glucose

celluose molecules straight chains; glycogen coiled

celluose has only 1, 4 glycosidic bonds; glycogen has 1,4 and 1,6 bonds

38
Q

Desccribe and explain 2 features of starch that makes it a good storage molecule

A

coiled/helical making it compact

insoluble so does not affect the water potential of cells

Large so can’t cross the cell membrane

Branched so more ends for enzyme action

39
Q

Name the chemical which tests for starch?

A

iodine

40
Q

Describe how lactose is formed

A

alpha glucose and galactose

join by condensation reaction

through a glycosidic bond

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