3.1.2.2 Carbohydrates - Monosaccharides to Polysaccharides

Question 1

Name a structural polysaccharide

Answer 1

Cellulose (plant cell walls)

Question 2

Identify the monosaccharide

Answer 2

Galactose

Question 3

Which elements make up carbohydrates?

Answer 3

Carbon

Hydrogen

Oxygen

Question 4

When 2 monosaccharides join together, they form a…

Answer 4

disaccharide

Question 5

What happens during a condensation reaction?

Answer 5

A water molecule is released from the reacting molecules

Question 6

How many covalent bonds does carbon make?

Answer 6

4

Question 7

Which type of reaction takes place when two monosaccharides join together?

Answer 7

Condensation Reaction

Question 8

Polysaccharides are large. This means that they…

Answer 8

are insoluble (will not dissolve)

Cannot escape from the cell

Question 9

Identify the monosaccharide

Answer 9

α-Glucose

Question 10

What happens during hydrolysis

Answer 10

A water molecule reacts with a polymer to break it down.

Question 11

Name the bond that forms between two monosaccharides

Answer 11

Glycosidic bond

Question 12

An individual unit of a biological molecule is called a…

Answer 12

monomer

Question 13

Which type of reaction takes place when a disaccharide or polysaccharide is broken down?

Answer 13

Hydrolysis

Question 14

Identify the monosaccharide

Answer 14

Fructose

Question 15

Name 3 common disaccharides

Answer 15

Maltose (alpha glucose + alpha glucose)

Sucrose (alpha glucose + fructose)

Lactose (alpha glucose + galactose)

Question 16

What is an isomer?

Answer 16

Molecules that have the same chemical formula but whose atoms are arranged differently.

Question 17

Long chains of repeating molecules are called…

Answer 17

polymers

Question 18

A 6 carbon sugar is called a…

Answer 18

hexose

Question 19

Glucose + Fructose –> _________

Answer 19

Glucose + Fructose –> Sucrose

Question 20

A 3 carbon sugar is called a…

Answer 20

triose

Question 21

The general chemical formula of a monosaccharide is…

Answer 21

(CH₂O)_n where n is the number of carbon atoms.

Question 22

Alpha Glucose + Alpha Glucose –> _________

Answer 22

Alpha Glucose + Alpha Glucose –> Maltose

Question 23

Identify the monosaccharide

Answer 23

β-Glucose

Question 24

When many monosaccharides join together, they form a…

Answer 24

polysaccharide

Question 25

A molecule containing carbon is called an...

Answer 25

organic molecule

Question 26

An individual sugar molecule is called a...

Answer 26

monosaccharide

Question 27

Name 4 common hexose monomers

Answer 27

α-Glucose β-Glucose Galactose Fructose

Question 28

Name 2 common storage polysaccharides

Answer 28

Glycogen Starch

Question 29

Which 4 elements make up most biological molecules?

Answer 29

Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen

Question 30

Alpha Glucose + Galactose --\> \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 30

Alpha Glucose + Galactose --\> Lactose

Question 31

Polysaccharides are used in cells for _____________ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 31

Storage (energy) Structure (cell walls)

Question 32

Name the monomer that makes up maltose

Answer 32

2 x alpha glucose

Question 33

sucrose hydrolysis produces..

Answer 33

fructose and alpha glucose

Question 34

How is starch related to its function?

Answer 34

1. Helical/ spiral shape so compact; 2. Large (molecule)/insoluble so osmotically inactive; 3. Branched so glucose is (easily) released for respiration; 4. Large (molecule) so cannot leave cell/cross cell-surface membrane;

Question 35

How is the structure of cellulose suited to its function?

Answer 35

Long, straight/unbranched chains of β glucose; Joined by hydrogen bonding; To form (micro/macro)fibrils; Provides rigidity/strength;

Question 36

Which enzymes are required for the complete digestion of starch?

Answer 36

amylase and maltase

Question 37

Give 2 differences between the structure of cellulose and glycogen

Answer 37

celluose molecules straight chains;glycogen branched cellulose beta glucose;glycogen alpha glucose celluose molecules straight chains; glycogen coiled celluose has only 1, 4 glycosidic bonds; glycogen has 1,4 and 1,6 bonds

Question 38

Desccribe and explain 2 features of starch that makes it a good storage molecule

Answer 38

coiled/helical making it compact insoluble so does not affect the water potential of cells Large so can't cross the cell membrane Branched so more ends for enzyme action

Question 39

Name the chemical which tests for starch?

Answer 39

iodine

Question 40

Describe how lactose is formed

Answer 40

alpha glucose and galactose join by condensation reaction through a glycosidic bond