3.1.2.2 Carbohydrates - Monosaccharides to Polysaccharides Flashcards

1
Q

Name a structural polysaccharide

A

Cellulose (plant cell walls)

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2
Q

Identify the monosaccharide

A

Galactose

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3
Q

Which elements make up carbohydrates?

A

Carbon

Hydrogen

Oxygen

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4
Q

When 2 monosaccharides join together, they form a…

A

disaccharide

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5
Q

What happens during a condensation reaction?

A

A water molecule is released from the reacting molecules

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6
Q

How many covalent bonds does carbon make?

A

4

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7
Q

Which type of reaction takes place when two monosaccharides join together?

A

Condensation Reaction

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8
Q

Polysaccharides are large. This means that they…

A

are insoluble (will not dissolve)

Cannot escape from the cell

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9
Q

Identify the monosaccharide

A

α-Glucose

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10
Q

What happens during hydrolysis

A

A water molecule reacts with a polymer to break it down.

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11
Q

Name the bond that forms between two monosaccharides

A

Glycosidic bond

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12
Q

An individual unit of a biological molecule is called a…

A

monomer

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13
Q

Which type of reaction takes place when a disaccharide or polysaccharide is broken down?

A

Hydrolysis

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14
Q

Identify the monosaccharide

A

Fructose

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15
Q

Name 3 common disaccharides

A

Maltose (alpha glucose + alpha glucose)

Sucrose (alpha glucose + fructose)

Lactose (alpha glucose + galactose)

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16
Q

What is an isomer?

A

Molecules that have the same chemical formula but whose atoms are arranged differently.

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17
Q

Long chains of repeating molecules are called…

18
Q

A 6 carbon sugar is called a…

19
Q

Glucose + Fructose –> _________

A

Glucose + Fructose –> Sucrose

20
Q

A 3 carbon sugar is called a…

21
Q

The general chemical formula of a monosaccharide is…

A

(CH2O)n where n is the number of carbon atoms.

22
Q

Alpha Glucose + Alpha Glucose –> _________

A

Alpha Glucose + Alpha Glucose –> Maltose

23
Q

Identify the monosaccharide

A

β-Glucose

24
Q

When many monosaccharides join together, they form a…

A

polysaccharide

25
A molecule containing carbon is called an...
organic molecule
26
An individual sugar molecule is called a...
monosaccharide
27
Name 4 common hexose monomers
α-Glucose β-Glucose Galactose Fructose
28
Name 2 common storage polysaccharides
Glycogen Starch
29
Which 4 elements make up most biological molecules?
Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen
30
Alpha Glucose + Galactose --\> \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Alpha Glucose + Galactose --\> Lactose
31
Polysaccharides are used in cells for _____________ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Storage (energy) Structure (cell walls)
32
Name the monomer that makes up maltose
2 x alpha glucose
33
sucrose hydrolysis produces..
fructose and alpha glucose
34
How is starch related to its function?
1. Helical/ spiral shape so compact; 2. Large (molecule)/insoluble so osmotically inactive; 3. Branched so glucose is (easily) released for respiration; 4. Large (molecule) so cannot leave cell/cross cell-surface membrane;
35
How is the structure of cellulose suited to its function?
Long, straight/unbranched chains of β glucose; Joined by hydrogen bonding; To form (micro/macro)fibrils; Provides rigidity/strength;
36
Which enzymes are required for the complete digestion of starch?
amylase and maltase
37
Give 2 differences between the structure of cellulose and glycogen
celluose molecules straight chains;glycogen branched cellulose beta glucose;glycogen alpha glucose celluose molecules straight chains; glycogen coiled celluose has only 1, 4 glycosidic bonds; glycogen has 1,4 and 1,6 bonds
38
Desccribe and explain 2 features of starch that makes it a good storage molecule
coiled/helical making it compact insoluble so does not affect the water potential of cells Large so can't cross the cell membrane Branched so more ends for enzyme action
39
Name the chemical which tests for starch?
iodine
40
Describe how lactose is formed
alpha glucose and galactose join by condensation reaction through a glycosidic bond