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Biology mod 3 Exchange and transport > 3.1.2 Transport in animals > Flashcards

3.1.2 Transport in animals Flashcards

1
Q

How many chambers in the human heart?

A

4 chambers

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2
Q

Name the chambers of the human heart

A

right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle, left ventricle

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3
Q

What is the all of muscular tissue separating the two halves of the heart called?

A

The septum

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4
Q

What is the purpose of the septum?

A

prevent oxygenated blood from mixing with deoxygenated blood

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5
Q

Name the 4 valves of the heart

A

tricuspid, bicuspid, 2x semi lunar

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6
Q

What is the bottom of the heart called?

A

Apex

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7
Q

How do the valves in the heart know when to open and close?

A

Valves open when the pressure of blood behind them is greater than the pressure in front of them.

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8
Q

What are the blood vessels on the surface of the heart called?

A

coronary arteries

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9
Q

What do arteries do?

A

carry blood away from the heart at high pressures to tissues.

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10
Q

What do veins do?

A

Carry blood at low pressures to the heart

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11
Q

Are the lumen of arteries narrow or wide?

A

Narrow to maintain a high blood pressure.

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12
Q

Are the lumen of veins narrow or wide?

A

wide to carry blood at high speeds

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13
Q

Name the layers of blood vessels

A

endothelium, elastic tissue, smooth muscle, collagen

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14
Q

What does collagen do in blood vessels?

A

Provides structural support to maintain the shape and volume of the vessel

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15
Q

Why do arteries have thick smooth muscle?

A

Strengthens the arteries so that they can withstand high pressures and also contract for reduced blood flow.

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16
Q

Why is there no need for thick smooth muscle in veins?

A

Blood is travelling at low pressures.

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17
Q

Which blood vessel has valves?

A

veins

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18
Q

Do veins or arteries have more collagen?

A

Veins

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19
Q

Function of capillaries

A

to exchange of materials such as oxygen & carbon dioxide between the blood and tissue cells.

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20
Q

What type of walls do capillaries have?

A

very thin leaky walls

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21
Q

How thin is the lumen of capillaries?

A

1 cell thick

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22
Q

Why is the lumen of capillaries 1 cell thick?

A

So 1 RBC can travel through at a time to maintain slower diffusion.

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23
Q

What are capillary networks calledl?

A

Capillary beds

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24
Q

What is the order of the blood vessels that a red blood cell would pass through as the blood leaves the heart, travels to a tissue, and then returns to the heart?

A

Arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins.

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25
Function of venules.
Transport blood from capillaries to veins.
26
Function of arterioles.
Transport blood from arteries to capillaries.
27
What is the contraction of the heart called?
systole
28
What is the relaxation of the heart called?
diastole
29
Explain the cardiac cycle.
1) Diastole- the heart relaxes. -The atria fill up with blood from the veins. -Blood trickles into the ventricles. 2) Atrial systole- the atria contract. -The atria contract and blood is forced into the ventricles. 3) Ventricular systole- the ventricles contract. -A fraction of a second later the ventricles contract and the valves between the atria and ventricles close so blood can only be squeezed into the arteries.
30
The heart is myogenic, what does this mean?
The heart has the capacity to create its own impulses
31
Where is the sinoatrial node found?
wall of right atrium
32
What is used to measure the electrical activity of the heart?
electrocardiogram (ECG)
33
What is tachycardia?
abnormally fast heart rate of over 100bpm
34
What is bradycardia?
abnormally slow heart rate of less than 60bpm
35
What is an ectopic heart rate?
An early heartbeat followed by a pause.
36
Is an ectopic heart rate common or not?
Yes it is common and usually requires no treatment unless severe.
37
What is atrial fibrillation?
An irregular heartbeat which disrupts the rhythm of the heart.
38
Is atrial fibrillation common or not?
No and severe cases can be fatal.
39
What causes the P wave on an ECG?
The depolarisation of the atria which results in atrial systole.
40
What causes the PR interval on an ECG?
The time it takes for the SAN impulse to pass across the aorta.
41
What causes the QRS complex on an ECG?
The depolarisation of the ventricles which results in ventricular systole.
42
Why is ventricular systole the largest wave on an ECG?
Ventricles have the largest muscle mass.
43
What is the T wave on an ECG?
Repolarisation of the ventricles. This results in ventricular diastole.
44
why does an ECG not show atrial repolarisation?
The signals are too small and hidden by QRS complex
45
why is haemoglobin described as conjugated
each subunit has a prothetic group attached containing a single iron ion (Fe2+)
46
How many oxygen atoms can a haemoglobin molecule carry?
8 atoms and 4 molecules (o2)
47
What varies the affinity of oxygen to haemoglobin?
the partial pressure of oxygen.
48
As partial pressure of oxygen increases, what happens to the affinity to haemoglobin?
increases so oxygen binds to haemoglobin.
49
What happens during respiration to haemoglobin affinity to oxygen?
The affinity decreases as the partial pressure of oxygen decreases. Therefore oxygen is released into respiring tissues.
50
What happens when the first oxygen molecule binds to haemoglobin?
A conformational change occurs. Makes it easier for successive oxygen molecules to bind.
51
What is the partial pressure of oxygen like in the lungs?
High
52
What is the partial pressure of oxygen like in respiring tissues?
Low
53
Where does waste carbon dioxide go that is produced during respiration?
-very small percentage in blood plasma
54
explain how carbon dioxide is transported as carbonate ions.
-co2 dissolves into RBC's -Inside the red blood cells carbon dioxide combines with water to form carbonic acid. -Red blood cells contain the enzyme carbonic anhydrase which catalyses the reaction between carbon dioxide and water. -Without the enzyme this reaction occurs very slowly. -Carbonic acid disassociates readily into hydrogen and hydrogen carbonate ions. -Hydrogen ions can bind with haemoglobin which forms haemoglobinic acid which prevents the hydrogen ions from lowering the pH of the red blood cell. -Haemoglobin is said to act as a buffer in this situation. -The hydrogen carbonate ions diffuse out of the red blood cell into the blood plasma where they are transported in solution.
55
What is the chloride shift?
The movement of chloride ions into red blood cells that occurs when carbonate ions are formed.
56
What is the bohr effect?
When a high partial pressure of co2 causes haemoglobin to release oxygen into respiring tissues.
57
What is affinity
How strongly two or more molecules want to interact/bind with each other.
58
What is partial pressure?
How we quantify how much gas is present in a mixture of gases.
59
What does an oxygen dissociation curve show?
The rate at which oxygen associated and dissociates with haemoglobin at different partial pressures.
60
When haemoglobin has a high affinity for oxygen what happens?
oxygen binds easily and dissociates slowly.
61
When haemoglobin has a low affinity what happens?
It binds slowly and dissociates easily.
62
Why is there a shallow curve at the bottom of the oxygen dissasociation curve?
The binding of the first oxygen molecule occurs slowly as the haemoglobin has not undergone the conformational change yet.
63
Why does it take longer for the fourth oxygen molecule to bind to haemoglobin?
The haemoglobin molecule is approaching saturation so there are less binding sites.
64
Does foetal haemoglobin have a higher or lower affinity for oxygen?
higher
65
Why does Foetal Haemoglobin have higher affinity for oxygen?
It obtains oxygen from its mother's blood at the placenta.
66
What does the dissociation curve for foetal haemoglobin look like next to the regular haemoglobin curve?
Shifts to the left.
67
Is the partial pressure of oxygen lower or higher at high altitudes?
lower
68
What are the two opposing forces which decide how much fluid leaves the plasma to form tissue fluid?
Hydrostatic pressure Oncotic pressure
69
What happens at the arterial end of the capillary in regards to tissue fluid?
-Hydeostatic pressure is high so fluid is forced out of leaky capillary walls. -Proteins remain in blood as they are too large to pass through the wall.
70
What happens at the venous end of the capillary in regards to tissue fluid?
-Hydrostatic pressure reduced
71
Where does the 10% of fluid left over from the arteriole end of the capillary go to?
Lymph vessels.
72
Function of tissue fluid
Surrounds all body cells and helps transport materials in and out of cells
73
Equation for cardiac output.
Stroke volume x Heart rate
74
What is cardiac output?
The volume of blood that is pumped by the heart (the left and right ventricle) per unit of time.
75
What is the average adult cardiac output at rest?
4.7 Litres
76
Why do fit individuals have higher cardiac outputs than average?
They have thicker and stronger ventricular muscles in their hearts.
77
What is stroke volume?
The volume of blood pumped out of the left ventricle during one cardiac cycle.
78
What is produced when carbon dioxide combines with water?
carbonic acid.

Biology mod 3 Exchange and transport (3 decks)

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