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module 3 > 3.1.2 - transport in animals🫀 > Flashcards

3.1.2 - transport in animals🫀 Flashcards

1
Q

features of a circulatory system

A

liquid transport medium that circulates around the body
vessels that carry the transport medium
pumping mechanism

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2
Q

open circulatory system

A

very few vessels to contain the transport medium

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3
Q

haemocoel

A

open body cavity
comes into direct contact with the tissues and the cells

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4
Q

where open circulatory systems are found

A

invertebrate animals, including most insects and some molluscs.

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5
Q

haemolymph

A

transport medium in insects
does not carry o2 or co2, transports waste products

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6
Q

where closed circulatory systems are found

A

all of the vertebrate groups, including mammals

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7
Q

single closed circulatory system

A

blood flows through the heart and is pumped out to travel all the way round the body before returning to the heart

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8
Q

process of a single closed circulatory system

A
  • blood passes through two sets of capillaries before it returns to the heart
  • in the first it exchanges o2 and co2
  • in the second substances are exchanged between blood and cells
  • very low efficiency
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9
Q

why can fish use a single closed circulatory system?

A

body weight supported by the water which they live in and do not have to maintain their own body temperature - reducing metabolic demands.

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10
Q

double closed circulatory system

A

most efficient system for transporting substances around the body.
involves two separate circulations

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11
Q

process of double closed circulatory system

A

blood is pumped from the heart to the lungs to pick up oxygen and unload co2 and then returns to the heart
blood flows through the heart and is pumped out to travel all around the bidy before returning to the heart again

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12
Q

elastic fibres

A

composed of elastin and can stretch and recoil providing vessel walls with flexibility

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13
Q

smooth muscle

A

contracts and relaxes which changes the size of the lumen (the channel within the blood vessel)

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14
Q

collagen

A

provides structural support to maintain the shape and volume of the vessel

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15
Q

arteries

A

blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart. they carry oxygenated blood - this blood is under very high pressure

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16
Q

structure of arteries

A

artery walls contain elastic fibres, smooth muscle and collagen. lining of the artery is smooth so the blood flows easy over it
small lumen

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17
Q

arterioles

A

link the arteries and the capillaries

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18
Q

structure of arterioles compared to arteries

A

more smooth muscle
less elastin

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19
Q

vasoconstriction

A

smooth muscle contracts in the arteriole, constricting the vessel and prevents blood flowing into the capillary bed

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20
Q

vasodilation

A

smooth muscle relaxes in arteriole, blood flows through the capillary bed

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21
Q

capillaries and their adaptations

A

microscopic vessel through which exchange takes place between blood and cells
- large surface area
- total cross sectional area is always greater than the arteriole supplying them to rate of bloof flow falls
- walls are one cell thick

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22
Q

veins

A

blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart. they carry deoxygenated bood

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23
Q

structure of veins

A

walls have lots of collagen and relatively little elastic fibre
wide lumen and smooth thin lining

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24
Q

venules

A

small vessels that gather blood from capillaries into the veins

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25
Q

structure of venules

A

very thin walls with little smooth muscle

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26
Q

adaptations of veins

A
  • one way valves at intervals to prevent blood flowing backwards
  • bigger veins run through big active muscles in the body. when they contract the veins squeexe forcing blood to the heart
27
Q

plasma

A

yellow liquid, carrying a wide range of components

28
Q

platelets

A

fragments of large cells called megakaryocytes found in the red bone marrow
involved in blood clotting

29
Q

functions of blood

A

transport 02, co2, digested food, waste products, hormones, cells and antibodies in the immune reponse
maintain body temp
pH buffer

30
Q

oncotic pressure

A

pressure of water to move as a result of the prescence of plasma proteins, which have a low water potential

31
Q

hydrostatic pressure

A

the pressure within a blood vessel that tends to push water out of the vessel

32
Q

hydrostatic pressure at arterial end

A

very high

33
Q

tissue fluid

A

fluid surrounding the cells and tissues

34
Q

venous end pressure

A

hydrostatic pressure falls
oncotic pressure remains the same

35
Q

lymph

A

tissue fluid that has entered a lymphatic capillary

36
Q

lymph composition

A

similar tp plasma and tissue fluid
less o2 and fewer nutrients
has fatty acids

37
Q

where lymph returns to the bloodstream

A

under the collarbone

38
Q

haemoglobin

A

the protein that carries oxygen in the red blood cells. globular protein made up of 4 peptide chains, each iwth an iron- containing haem group

39
Q

oxyhaemoglobin

A

combination of Hb and o2
Hb + 4o2 (reversible reaction) Hb (02)4

40
Q

positive cooperativity

A

once the first oxygen binds haemoglobin will undergo a conformational change so its easier for the next 3 oxygens to bind

41
Q

myogenic

A

generates its own beat

42
Q

diastole

A

relaxation of the heart

43
Q

systole

A

contraction of the heart

44
Q

cardiac cycle

A

a complete heart beat constisting of contraction and relaxation of both atria and both ventricles

45
Q

lub dub

A

the sound made by the heart valves as they close

46
Q

SA node

A

specialised cells in the wall of the right atrium
called the pacemaker because it can alter the heart rate by altering the number of action potentials conducing through the heart
starts the atria contracting

47
Q

AV node

A

a node of specialised heart muscle located in septal wall of RA - recieves impulses from the SA node and transmits them to the AV bundle

48
Q

bundle of his (AV bundle)

A

located next to the AV node. provides the transfer of the electrical impulse from the atria to the ventricles

49
Q

purkinje fibres

A

fibres in the ventricles that transmit impulses to the right and left ventricles, causing them to contract.

50
Q

purpose of the AVN delay

A

to ensure that the atria have stopped contracting before the venticles start

51
Q

what an ECG measures

A

tiny electrical differences in your skin, which result from the electrical activity of the heart

52
Q

tachycardia

A

abnormally rapid heartbeat

53
Q

bradycardia

A

slow heart rate

54
Q

ectopic heartbeat

A

extra beats that are out of the normal rhythm

55
Q

atrial fibrilation

A

occurs when the normal rhythmic contractions of the atria are replaced by rapid irregular twitching of the muscular heart wall

56
Q

oxygen disocciation curve

A

percentage saturation haemoglobin in the blood is plotted agaisnt partial pressure of oxygen
show affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen.

57
Q

what happens at low partial pressure for oxygen

A

low affinity for oxygen so readily disocciates

58
Q

what happens at high partial pressure for oxygen

A

high affinity for oxygen so readily associates’

59
Q

bohr effect

A

the rise in co2 meaning that haemoglobin gives up more oxygen, shifts the curve ti the right

60
Q

fetal haemoglobin

A

higher affinity for oxygen than adults, so the curve shifts to the left.

61
Q

carbaminohaemoglobin

A

co2 combined with amino acid groups in polypeptide chains of haemoglobin

62
Q

carbonic anhydrase

A

catalyses the reversible reaction between co2 and water to form carbonic acid.

63
Q

carbonic acid disociates to form..

A

hydrogen carbonate ions and hydrogen ions

64
Q

chloride shift

A

negtative hydrogen carbonate ions move out of the erythrocytes and cloride ions move in.

module 3 (3 decks)

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