3.1.2 Relationships Flashcards

1
Q

Relationship

A

R= P+I+I

Perception- How you view land
Interaction- How you act in outdoors
Impact- Effect you have on environment

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2
Q

Indigenous perceptions

A
Arrived 60-100,000 years ago
Custodians of the land
Part of the land
Don't own it
Land is their mother
Live to protect it ever take more than you need 
Equal to the land 
Spiritual connection, totems
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3
Q

Indigenous land use

A

Victoria- Estimated 18,000 aboriginals lives in 38 distinct groups or tribes

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4
Q

Tribal lands around Melbourne

A

Bunurong people
Hunter gatherers- Don’t farm
Worked thirty hours week- Time/ energy efficient
Smallpox wiped most of the tribe 1790-1830

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5
Q

Bunurong people

A

Part of the tribes around bay referred Kulin Nation
Prevent interbreeding by marrying into surrounding tribes
1839- Reduce from 300-83
1850- 28
No more ‘pure’ Bunurong

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6
Q

Indigenous interaction

A
First race to a have sustainability, maintain it in better shape for next generation
Most advanced race
Fire stick farming
Nomadic lifestyle
Hunter gathering 
Story places
Songs as road maps
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7
Q

Fire stick farming

Positive/ Negative

A
Positive
'Flush out' animals so they can be hunted
Attracts animals- regrowth 
Manage fires
Promote regeneration/ regrowth
Negative 
Populated by tough species 
Destroy habitats
Contributes to extinction of mega-fauna
Change in Australian landscape
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8
Q

Hunter gathering

A

Aboriginals did not farm- too risky, climate variation, geological stability
Lived off what was available
Kangaroos/ fish/ emus
Possum skins clothing relied tools, weapons, skill

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9
Q

Story places

A
First 'national parks' ever created
Sections of land where spirits resided
Illegal to hunt in these regions according aboriginal law
'Safe zone' where animals reproduce
Free to be hunted outside
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10
Q

Nomadic lifestyle

A
Bunurong were nomadic
Moved location with the seasons
Summer's spent beachside 
Winter spent further inland 
Areas tribal land, regenerate, weren't exhausted, available food
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11
Q

Wilsons Prom

A

Great spirit Luern lived/ protected Bunurong/ Gurnai Kurnai people in times distress
Middens found Whiskey bay, Sorrento, Portsea- evidence aboriginal hunter gathering/ nomadic lifestyle

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12
Q

Oral traditions

A

Aboriginals didn’t carry pens/ paper- impractical

Passed on stories (A-B) songs, ‘road maps’

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13
Q

Contemporary aboriginals relationship

A

European settlement- 1830s
Perception
Similar to pre
Some Bunurrongs, children’s were educated as ‘white children’
Mission to help
Introduce Christianity
Interaction
Hunter gathering/ fire stick farming restricted
Hunter gathering- livestock stolen from settlers, indigenous food sources, kangaroos shifted as result of deforestation
Nomadic lifestyle restricted due to ‘boundaries’ imposed by farmers, food in one particular area
Fire stick farming- Bunurong were diminished by disease
Impact
Increase uncontrollable fires
Over populated kangaroos
Conflict between farmers, shooting
Legal to kill if they ‘caused trouble’
Loss identity/ culture

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14
Q

De-aboriginalising

A

Removal of aboriginal people from their lands
Remove part of them/ bodies/ identity
Bunurong lady noted ‘the land is our food, our culture, our spirit and our identity’

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15
Q

Social problems

A

Quick criticize them
No comprehension of what aboriginal people go through
Some tribes live traditionally on traditional lands, Northern territory

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16
Q

Terra Nullius

A

1922
Ruled incorrect
Aboriginals DO use land correctly
Some land given back, slowly recognized as traditional owners

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17
Q

Evidence of aboriginals In Victoria

A

Shell Middens- Portsea/ Sorrento/ Cape Schank, leftovers after feasts (shells, stone flakes), forrest caves beach
Scarred trees- Box/ red gum trees, create canoes/ shields/ shelters,from Corinella paddle to Phillip Island
Mounds- Earth contains charcoal from fire, clay ovens, shell, bones

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18
Q

Burial sites

A

Burial grounds- often contain bones, teeth, important items, tools, ornaments
Spiritual/ sacred places
Quarries- Rocky outcrops, extracted materials for making axe heads, grinding stones/ other tools, Grampians

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19
Q

Phillip Island

A

“Beang Gurt”
Come to area 40,000 years ago
Came summer months- rich variety food available
Travelled bark canoe
Evidence scarred trees
Swan lake popular campsite- supply fresh water
Sea provided fish, abalone, shellfish
Shell Middens (pile empty shells), Forrest Caves beach
Native spinach
Gum/ sap from wattles/ eucalypts, banksia blossoms, dissolved in water to make sweet drinks
Seeds/ fruits Pale flax lily, coastal wattle, Coast beard-Heath provided variety in diet
Yams- important food source
Plants used medicinal purposes- bark Golden wattle
Clearing of land- first non-indigenous settlers the McHaffies, cleared Phillip island to farm animals such as sheep and cattle, provide areas for infrastructure and housing to be built
Intro native species- the McHaffies and other non-indigenous settlers which came from UK wanted Phillip island to be more like ‘home’, introduced animals such as foxes rabbits onto land

20
Q

Bunurong hunted

A
Black swamp wallaby
Possum
Seals
Penguins
Shirt-tailed shearwater
Echidna
Cape Barron Geese
Swans
Parrots
Fish
Abalone
Shellfish
21
Q

Cape Schanck

A

Set aside secret men’s business
Celebrate/ recreate actions of dreaming ancestors
Rites initiation practices
Initiation was transition- boyhood to manhood

22
Q

Point Nepean

A

Secret women’s business
The beach- where dolphins give birth, restricted to women.
Men were unable to approach- fear of injuries likely to be inflicted by strong female spirits
Knowledge of fertility and child birth

23
Q

Sorrento/ Portsea

A

Shellfish, collected by women, extremely important part people’s diet- confirmed by number of middens in area:
Known to be 8, bayside Sorrento, 7, back beach, 6, Portsea’s back beach, 25, quarantine station

24
Q

Dandenong to Cranbourne

A

River red gums- canoes

25
Q

Tyabb

A

Fresh water hole

26
Q

Wilsons Prom

A

Harvested mutton birds
Mt Oberon where Boonjil- Eaglehawk spirit sometimes lived, so spiritually powerful it could only be seen through screen of leaves.

27
Q

Bunurong movement

A

Seasonal- not our seasons, but theirs, watched for signs
winter began shy away, elders would see first blooms of the ti-tree, declare it was once again time to travel back to the swamps and coastal lagoons for the ‘egging’ season
Knew when first Wattles flowered, species fish were about to begin spawning, giving enough time to travel to the river and creek mouths to net or spear fish- surviving sustainably and comfortably

28
Q

The dreaming

A

Their world/ history began with the Dreaming
Total of religious beliefs, held in genuine conviction by close to all Aboriginal people
Dreaming stories tell of the beginning, they tell of ancestor heroes who appeared and created life and the landscape as they moved from place to place
Creators were often animals or birds

29
Q

Boonjil

A

2 creation totems, Boonjil, Eaglehawk, Waang, Crow
Boonjil- most important Bunurong ancestor heroes
Came from the skyworld, land of trees in heaven, cut the land with his knife, creating valleys, mountains, rivers, trees
Boonjil breathed life into clay, and so created the first people
When his acts of creation were complete, returned to sky

30
Q

Indigenous at the Prom
Interaction
Impact

A

Part of environment
Sustainable use of resources
Use fire to ‘flush out’ animals

Promote regrowth
Sustainable
Fire influenced structure of vegetation

31
Q

Sealing
Perception
Impact

A

1798
Seals were a commercial resource to be used by early settlers
Abundant number of seals, commercial possibilities were high

1830- most seals killed, industry no longer available
Timber cut to burn blubber
Areas vegetation killed for huts
Sealers brought cats/ dogs/ rabbits, became vermin
Access by indigenous to tribal land denied

32
Q

Whalers
Perception
Impact

A

Valuable commercial resource use pd for survival
Considered dangerous/ threat to early settler, killing could be justified

Forests could be harvested for fuel- burn blubber
High timber demand- populated gold fields
Farmers required posts/ railings for fences

33
Q

Loggers
Impacts
Strategies

A

Soil disturbance
Clearing vegetation
Loss old growth trees/ habitat for wildlife

Ban logging
Legislation to protect native flora
Natural regeneration

34
Q

Mining
Perception
Impacts
Strategies

A

WW1- during this time tin became scarce, price doubled
Economic interest outweighed conservation debate at this time

Clearing vegetation
Construction pipelines
Erosion
Increase turbidity in waterways

Natural regeneration- land/ waterways
Education- impacts of mining on environment

35
Q

Cattle grazing
Perception
Impacts
Strategies

A

Natural grasslands were ‘ideal’ pasture for stock
Believed land could be sustainably grazed, maintain biodiversity
Stopped 1922

altered structure native vegetation- trampling/ grazing wetlands
Change in biomass
Formation tracks
Weed dispersal- ragwort/ thistles

Weed control program
Control burning programs, help combat spread tea-tree
Education/ interpretation programs
Culture/ heritage management

36
Q

Sealers cove settlement

A

1798

37
Q

Lighthouse establish
What industries benefited
Impact

A

1859
Navigational aid to increase amount of commercial trade

Healthy woodlands cleared for construction

38
Q

Recreation
Where people stayed
Impacts
Impact evidence

A

1930s recreational tourism

Introduction weeds
Soil compaction- hard hooves
Increase erosion

39
Q

Post WW2

Why increase at Prom

A

No awareness potential impact on environment
Most scenic place camp, tidal river
Existing infrastructure army commando camps provide accommodation for more tourists

40
Q

Impacts on contemporary visitors

A
Water pollution
Impact freshwater habitat/ species 
Erosion
Increase litter
Feeding of native animals
41
Q

Management strategies protect camp

A

Minimal impact
Planning for placement of campsites
Limit number campsites available
Upgrade installation water treatment/ sewerage plant at tidal river

42
Q

When was the Prom made national park

A

1890- temporary reserve 91,000 hectares
1905- 75,000 hectares permanent
2002- named marine national park

43
Q

What group petitioned for Prom to be national park

A

Field naturalists

44
Q

1996

A

Protest against further development of tidal river

45
Q

2002 event

A

Legislation passed creating worlds first representative system of highly protected marine areas