3.1.2 Carbohydrates Flashcards
What are monosaccharides?
The monomers from which larger carbohydrates are made from
What are the three most common monosaccharides?
Glucose
Fructose
Galactose
What is the formula and shape of glucose?
C6H12O6
Hexose sugar
What are isomers?
Isomers are molecules with the same formula however the elements are arranged differently
What are the two isomers of glucose?
Alpha - Glucose
Beta - Glucose
How do the two glucose isomers differ?
Alpha glucose has the H group above the OH group on C-1
Beta glucose has the OH group above the H group on C-1
What are disaccharides?
They are two monosaccharides joined together in a condensation reaction.
A glycosidic bond forms between an OH and a H group
What are the three main types of disaccharides and their formation?
Maltose (Two glucose molecules)
Lactose (Glucose and Galactose)
Sucrose (Glucose and Fructose)
What are polysaccharides?
Polysaccharides are polymers of glucose
They are formed by combinng together many monosaccharide molecules which are joined by glycosidic bonds formed during condensation reactions
Are polysacharides souble or insoluble
Insolube - Don’t dissolve in water
What is the main examples of polysaccharide in animals
Glycogen
Made of a-glucose
What are the mains examples of polysaccharides in plants
Starch (Amylose and Amylopectin)
Made of a-glucose
Cellulose
Made of b-glucose
What is the main role of starch?
Energy Storage in plants
What are the 5 key things about starch?
- Insoluble therefore doesn’t affect water potential, - water isn’t drawn into the cells by osmosis
2.Large and insoluble - doens’t diffuse out of cells - Compact - stored in a small space
- Hydroslised to form a-glucose - easily transported and used in respiration
- Branched - lots of enzymes can act simultaneously meaning glucose is relased rapidly
Is starched coiled or branched?
Both
Coiled in Amylose (1-4 glycosidic bonds)
Branched in Amylopectin (1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds)
How do monosaccharides bond between each other?
Condensation reactions leading to the production of 1-4 glycosidic bonds as well as 1-6 glycosidic bonds
Whatis the main role of glycogen?
Energy storage for Animals and Bacteria (In shorter chains)
Is glycogen or amylopectin more branched?
Glycogen is shorter however more branched`
What are the four main things about glycogen?
- Insoluble therefore does not tend to draw water into the cells by osmosis
- Insoluble therefore doesn’t diffuse out of cells
- Compact lots stored in a small space
- Highly branched - more ends for enzymes to break down the glycogen into itys glucose monomers
What bonds occur in glycogen?
1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds
What is the monomer of cellulose?
b - glucose
What is the shape of cellulose?
Cellulose forms straight chains
Each chain is bonded together by hydrogen bonds between the -OH groups
Molecules are grouped into microfibrils which form fibres which provide the strenght
How are the monosaccharides bonded together?
Each b-glucose is inverted to allow for a condensation reaction between two -OH groups to occur
What is the main use of cellulose?
It is used to prevent plant cell walls from bursting as water enters the cells due to exerting an inward pressuure stoping the further influx of water
