3.1.1 What is knowledge - 3 markers

Question 1

Acquaintance knowledge

Answer 1

The “knowing of” something by experience e.g. how roses smell.

Question 2

Ability knowledge

Answer 2

The “knowing how” to do something e.g. how to bake a cake.

Question 3

Propositional knowledge

Answer 3

The “knowing that” something is the case e.g. Socrates was a man.

Question 4

Individually necessary

Answer 4

The absence of any one of the conditions prevents a propositions counting as knowledge.

Question 5

Jointly sufficient

Answer 5

Where all three conditions are present it discriminates completely between knowledge and other propositions.

Question 6

Tripartite view

Answer 6

The view that S knows that p if an only if: (1) S is justified in believing that p, (2) p is true and (3) S believes that p (individually necessary and jointly sufficient conditions).

Question 7

Infallibalism

Answer 7

The view that S knows that p if and only if: (1) p is true, (2) S believes that p and (3) S has a
justification that guarantees the truth of p (S couldn’t possibly be mistaken that p).

Question 8

No false lemmas

Answer 8

The view that S knows that p if and only if: (1) p is true, (2) S believes that p, (3) S is justified in believing that p and (4) S’s belief that p is not inferred from any false proposition (i.e. S’s
justification for p does not include any false propositions).

Question 9

Reliabilism

Answer 9

The view that S knows that p if and only if: (1) p is true, (2) S believes that p, (3) S’s belief that p was formed by a reliable cognitive process.

Question 10

Virtue epistemology

Answer 10

The view that S knows that p if and only if: (1) p is true, (2) S believes that p, and (3) S arrives at the truth of p due to the use of their epistemological virtues.