3.1.1 Section A: The challenge of natural hazards Flashcards
Hazard risk
3.1.1.1 Natural hazards
The probability or chance that a natural hazard may take place.
3.1.1.1 Natural hazards
Natural hazard
3.1.1.1 Natural hazards
A natural event (for example an earthquake, volcanic eruption, tropical storm, flood) that threatens people or has the potential to cause damage, destruction and death.
3.1.1.1 Natural hazards
Conservative plate margin
3.1.1.2 Tectonic hazards
Tectonic plate margin where two tectonic plates slide past each other.
3.1.1.2 Tectonic hazards
Constructive plate margin
3.1.1.2 Tectonic hazards
Tectonic plate margin where rising magma adds new material to plates that are diverging or moving apart.
3.1.1.2 Tectonic hazards
Destructive plate margin
3.1.1.2 Tectonic hazards
Tectonic plate margin where two plates are converging or coming together and oceanic plate is subducted. It can be associated with violent earthquakes and explosive volcanoes.
3.1.1.2 Tectonic hazards
Earthquake
3.1.1.2 Tectonic hazards
A sudden or violent movement within the Earth’s crust followed by a series of shocks.
3.1.1.2 Tectonic hazards
Immediate responses
3.1.1.2 Tectonic hazards
The reaction of people as the disaster happens and in the immediate aftermath.
3.1.1.2 Tectonic hazards
Long-term responses
3.1.1.2 Tectonic hazards
Later reactions that occur in the weeks, months and years after the event.
3.1.1.2 Tectonic hazards
Monitoring
3.1.1.2 Tectonic hazards
Recording physical changes, such as earthquake tremors around a volcano, to help forecast when and where a natural hazard might strike.
3.1.1.2 Tectonic hazards
Plate margin
3.1.1.2 Tectonic hazards
The margin (or boundary) between two tectonic plates.
3.1.1.2 Tectonic hazards
Hazard Planning
3.1.1.2 Tectonic hazards
Actions taken to enable communities to respond to, and recover from, natural disasters, through measures such as emergency evacuation plans, information management, communications and warning systems.
3.1.1.2 Tectonic hazards
Hazard Prediction
3.1.1.2 Tectonic hazards
Attempts to forecast when and where a natural hazard will strike, based on current knowledge. This can be done to some extent for volcanic eruptions (and tropical storms), but less reliably for earthquakes.
3.1.1.2 Tectonic hazards
Primary effects
The initial impact of a natural event on people and property, caused directly by it, for instance the ground buildings collapsing following an earthquake.
Hazard Protection
3.1.1.2 Tectonic hazards
Actions taken before a hazard strikes to reduce its impact, such as educating people or improving building design.
3.1.1.2 Tectonic hazards
Secondary effects
3.1.1.2 Tectonic hazards
The after-effects that occur as indirect impacts of a natural event, sometimes on a longer timescale, for instance fires due to ruptured gas mains resulting from the ground shaking.
3.1.1.2 Tectonic hazards
Tectonic hazard
3.1.1.2 Tectonic hazards
A natural hazard caused by movement of tectonic plates (including volcanoes and earthquakes).
3.1.1.2 Tectonic hazards
Tectonic plate
3.1.1.2 Tectonic hazards
A rigid segment of the Earth’s crust which moves across the heavier, semi-molten rock below. Continental crust is less dense, but thicker than oceanic crust.
3.1.1.2 Tectonic hazards
Volcano
3.1.1.2 Tectonic hazards
An opening in the Earth’s crust from which lava, ash and gases erupt.
3.1.1.2 Tectonic hazards
Economic impact
3.1.1.3 Weather hazards
The effect of an event on the wealth of an area or community.
3.1.1.3 Weather hazards
Environmental impact
3.1.1.3 Weather hazards
The effect of an event on the landscape and ecology of the surrounding area.
3.1.1.3 Weather hazards
Extreme weather
3.1.1.3 Weather hazards
When a weather event is significantly different from the average or usual weather pattern, and is especially severe or unseasonal. This may take place over one day or a period of time. A severe snow blizzard or heatwave are two examples of extreme weather in the UK.
3.1.1.3 Weather hazards
Global atmospheric circulation
3.1.1.3 Weather hazards
The worldwide system of winds, which transports heat from tropical to polar latitudes. In each hemisphere, air also circulates through the entire depth of the troposphere which extends up to 15 km from the Earth’s surface.
3.1.1.3 Weather hazards
Immediate responses
3.1.1.3 Weather hazards
The reaction of people as the disaster happens and in the immediate aftermath.
3.1.1.3 Weather hazards
Long-term responses
3.1.1.3 Weather hazards
Later reactions that occur in the weeks, months and years after the event.
3.1.1.3 Weather hazards
Management strategies
3.1.1.3 Weather hazards
Techniques of controlling, responding to, or dealing with an event.
3.1.1.3 Weather hazards
Weather Monitoring
3.1.1.3 Weather hazards
Recording physical changes, such as tracking a tropical storm by satellite, to help forecast when and where a natural hazard might strike.
3.1.1.3 Weather hazards
Weather Planning
3.1.1.3 Weather hazards
Actions taken to enable communities to respond to, and recover from, natural disasters, through measures such as emergency evacuation plans, information management, communications and warning systems.
3.1.1.3 Weather hazards
Weather Prediction
3.1.1.3 Weather hazards
Attempts to forecast when and where a natural hazard will strike, based on current knowledge. This can be done to some extent for tropical storms.
3.1.1.3 Weather hazards
Primary effects
3.1.1.3 Weather hazards
The initial impact of a natural event on people and property, caused directly by it, for instance buildings being partially or wholly destroyed by a tropical storm.
3.1.1.3 Weather hazards
Hazard Protection
3.1.1.3 Weather hazards
Actions taken before a hazard strikes to reduce its impact, such as educating people or improving building design.
3.1.1.3 Weather hazards
Secondary effects
3.1.1.3 Weather hazards
The after-effects that occur as indirect impacts of a natural event, sometimes on a longer timescale, for instance impact on access to potable water can lead to spread of disease.
3.1.1.3 Weather hazards
Social impact
3.1.1.3 Weather hazards
The effect of an event on the lives of people or community.
3.1.1.3 Weather hazards
Adaptation
3.1.1.4 Climate change
Actions taken to adjust to natural events such as climate change, to reduce potential damage, limit the impacts, take advantage of opportunities, or cope with the consequences.
3.1.1.4 Climate change
Climate change
3.1.1.4 Climate change
A long-term change in the Earth’s average temperature and weather patterns.
3.1.1.4 Climate change
Mitigation
3.1.1.4 Climate change
Action taken to reduce or eliminate the long-term risk to human life and property from natural hazards, such as building earthquake-proof buildings or making international agreements about carbon reduction targets.
3.1.1.4 Climate change
Orbital changes
3.1.1.4 Climate change
Changes in the pathway of the Earth around the Sun.
3.1.1.4 Climate change
Quaternary period
3.1.1.4 Climate change
The period of geological time from about 2.6 million years ago to the present. It is characterised by the appearance and development of humans and includes the Pleistocene and Holocene Epochs.
3.1.1.4 Climate change
