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biology > 3.1.1: exchange surfaces and breathing > Flashcards

3.1.1: exchange surfaces and breathing Flashcards

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1
Q

why is diffusion alone enough to supply the needs of single-celled organisms?

A

their metabolic activity is usually low and they have a large surface area to volume ratio

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2
Q

why is diffusion not enough for multicellular animals?

A

there is a huge distance to reach all the cells, larger animals have a smaller surface area to volume ratio and they usually have a higher metabolic rate

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3
Q

how does the surface area to volume ratio work?

A

as the size of an organism increases, its surface area to volume ratio decreases

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4
Q

what features do effective exchange systems have?

A

increased surface area, thin layers, good blood supply and ventilation

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5
Q

how does an increased surface area lead to a more effective exchange surface?

A

overcomes the limitations of the sa:v and provides a larger area needed for exchange

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6
Q

how do thin layers lead to a more effective exchange surface?

A

this decreases the distance that substances have to diffuse

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7
Q

how does a good blood supply lead to a more effective exchange surface?

A

ensures substances are constantly delivered and removed, ensuring a steep concentration gradient for diffusion

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8
Q

how does ventilation lead to a more effective exchange surface?

A

for gases it help maintain concentration gradients

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9
Q

where does gas exchange in mammals take place?

A

the lungs, in the alveoli

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10
Q

what is the journey of air though the lungs?

A

nasal cavity > trachea > bronchus > bronchiole > alveoli

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11
Q

what are the lungs protected by?

A

the ribcage

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12
Q

what controls the action of the intercostal muscles?

A

the diaphragm

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12
Q

what are the ribs held together by?

A

intercostal muscles

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13
Q

what is the diaphragm?

A

a layer of muscle tissue beneath the lungs

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14
Q

what are the important features of the nasal cavity?

A

large surface area with good blood supply, a hairy lining which secretes mucus and moist surfaces to increase the humidity of the incoming air

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15
Q

why is the cartilage in the trachea incomplete rings?

A

allows space for food to to move down the oesophagus

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16
Q

what is the role of cartilage in the trachea?

A

provides strength and support to keep the trachea open and prevent it from collapsing

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17
Q

what is the trachea and its branches lined with?

A

ciliated epithelium and goblet cells

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18
Q

what do goblet cells in the trachea do?

A

secrete mucus which traps microorganisms and dust from reaching the lungs

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19
Q

what does cilia in the trachea do?

A

wafts the mucus upward to the back of the throat to be swallowed

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20
Q

what do elastic fibres in the walls of the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli do?

A

helps the process of breathing out

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21
Q

what do the elastic fibres in the lungs do?

A

they stretch and recoil with every breath. stretch to allow air in and recoil to force air out

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22
Q

what does the smooth muscle in the walls of the trachea, bronchi and bronchioles do?

A

allows their diameter to be controlled. during exercise the smooth muscle relaxes, making the tube wider meaning their is less resistance to airflow

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23
Q

what kinds of tissues do alveoli contain?

A

thin, flattened epithelial cells, collagen and elastic fibres

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24
Q

what do the elastic tissues in the alveoli do?

A

allow the alveoli to stretch as air is drawn in and when they return to their resting size, they help squeeze the air out, known as the elastic recoil of the lungs

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25
Q

how has the alveoli adapted for effective gas exchange?

A

has a large surface area, thin layers, a good blood supply and good ventilation

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26
Q

how do alveoli have a large surface area?

A

there are many alveoli in both lungs

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27
Q

how do alveoli have thin layer?

A

their walls are only one epithelial cell thick

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28
Q

how do alveoli have a good blood supply?

A

they are supplied by a network of millions of capillaries

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29
Q

how do alveoli have good ventilation?

A

breathing moves air in and out

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30
Q

what is the inner surface of the alveoli covered in?

A

a solution of water, salt and lung surfactant

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31
Q

what is the role of the lung surfactant?

A

makes it possible for the alveoli to remain inflated

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32
Q

is inspiration an active or passive process?

A

active

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33
Q

what is another word for inspiration?

A

inhalation

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34
Q

why is inspiration an active process?

A

it requires energy

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35
Q

what happens during inspiration?

A

the external intercostal muscles and diaphragm contract, causing the ribcage to move upwards and outwards and the diaphragm flattens, increasing the volume of the thorax and decreasing the pressure to below the atmospheric pressure, meaning air is forced in

36
Q

is expiration an active or passive process?

A

passive

37
Q

what is another word for expiration?

A

exhalation

38
Q

what happens during expiration?

A

the external intercostal muscles and diaphragm relax, causing the ribcage to move downwards and inwards and the diaphragm becomes curved, decreasing the volume of the thorax and increasing the pressure to above the atmospheric pressure, meaning air is forced out

39
Q

how do you calculate ventilation rate?

A

breathing rate x tidal volume

40
Q

what is the ventilation rate?

A

the volume of air someone takes in per minute

41
Q

what is the breathing rate?

A

the amount of breaths per minute

42
Q

what is tidal volume?

A

volume of air exchanged per breath

43
Q

what is a spirometer?

A

a piece of equipment that can be used to investigate breathing

44
Q

what does a spirometer include?

A

a mouthpiece, two-wave valve, pivot, counter-balance, float, pen, kyrnograph, air chamber and soda-lime container

45
Q

what does the two-way valve in a spirometer do?

A

keeps the air moving in the right direction

46
Q

what is the kyrnograph in a spirometer?

A

a rotating drum with chart paper attached

47
Q

how does a spirometer work?

A
  • person breaths in and out through their mouth via the mouth piece
  • air is trapped between the enclosed chamber between the float and water
  • when breathing in, the volume in the air chamber decreases and the float drops
  • when breathing out, the volume in the air chamber increases and the float rises
  • the float is attached to a pen which writes on the paper, recording the breathing movements
48
Q

what is oxygen rate?

A

the rate at which a person uses us oxygen

49
Q

what is the inspiratory reserve volume?

A

maximum volume of air you can breathe in over and above a normal inhalation

50
Q

what is the expiratory reserve volume?

A

the extra amount of air you can force out of your lungs over and above the normal tidal volume of air you breathe out

51
Q

what is residual volume?

A

the volume of air left in your lungs

52
Q

what are the safety precautions when using the spirometer?

A

make sure the soda-lime is being used so the person isn’t breathing in exhaled carbon dioxide, that the person is healthy and sterilise the mouthpiece between different users

53
Q

what must the person breathing through the mouthpiece do and why?

A

hold their nose or use a nose clip to prevent any air escaping somehow

54
Q

how can the bell jar model demonstrate how the lung and diaphragm works?

A

as the rubber sheet is pulled down, the volume of the bell jar will increase and therefore the pressure will decrease to be less than the atmospheric pressure, so air will be forced in through the glass tube and will fill the balloons until equilibrium pressure is reached

55
Q

what are the items part of the bell jar model and what do they represent?

A
  • glass tube = trachea and bronchi
  • glass bell jar = ribcage
  • balloons = lungs
  • flexible, rubber sheet = diaphragm
56
Q

why do fish need a gas exchange system?

A

really active from swimming meaning it has a high metabolic rate and has a small sa:v

57
Q

what difficulties are there in trying to gain oxygen from water rather than air?

A
  • 1000x denser than air
  • 100x more viscous
  • has a much lower oxygen content
  • needs a lot of energy to move in and out of lungs
58
Q

how many gills do fish have?

A

4 on each side

59
Q

where are gills found?

A

in a “gill cavity” covered by a flap of operculum

60
Q

how are gills adapted for effective gas exchange?

A

a large surface area, good bloody supply and thin surface

61
Q

what is the structure of gills?

A

each gill is made from 2 rows of gill filaments, attached to a bony gill arch. each filament is very thin and the surface is folded into gill lamellae

62
Q

what is the counter-current system in fish?

A

blood and water move in opposite directions which maintains a high concentration gradient and ensures water is always next to blood with a lower concentration level so as much oxygen as possible diffuses from water into the blood

63
Q

when the tips of adjacent gill filaments overlap, how does this help gas exchange?

A

it increases resistance to the flow of water and slows down the water movement, allowing more time for gas exchange

64
Q

what is the buccal cavity in fish?

A

the floor of the fish’s mouth (inside)

65
Q

how does a fish’s gas exchange system get ventilated?

A

the fish opens its mouth and lowers the floor of the buccal cavity, which increases the buccal cavity’s volume. this causes the pressure to fall and therefore water is drawn in due to the pressure gradient. the fish then closes its mouth, floor of buccal cavity is raised and the volume inside buccal cavity falls. this causes the pressure inside the buccal cavity to increase and water is forced over the gill filament. the pressure forces open the flaps over the operculum, allowing water to leave the gills

66
Q

how is a fish’s gill thin?

A

walls of lamellae are one cell thick

67
Q

how does a fish’s gill have a large surface area?

A

there are many gill filaments and a lot of lamellaes (4 gill arches)

68
Q

how does a fish’s gill have a good blood supply?

A

there are many capillaries next to the gills and lamellae

69
Q

how does a fish gill dissection take place?

A
  • choose chosen fish and and put it into a dissection tray
  • push back the operculum and use scissors to carefully remove the gills
  • cut each gill arch at the top and bottom
  • should be able to see the gill filaments
  • place the gill in water and then draw what you see and label it
70
Q

why do insects have high oxygen demands?

A

they are often very active because some fly

71
Q

why can’t insects do gas exchange across their body surface?

A

they have a hard exoskeleton

72
Q

why kind of circulatory system do insects have?

A

an open circulatory system

73
Q

what is meant by an open circulatory system?

A

there is no blood or blood vessels. oxygen is delivered directly to the cells and carbon dioxide is removed in the same way

74
Q

what are spiracles in insects?

A

small openings where air enters and leaves the insect

75
Q

how does gas exchange occur in insects?

A

along the thorax/abdomen of most insects are spiracles. these tubes lead to tracheae, carrying air into the body. these tubes have rings of chitin. having the same role as cartilage. these lead to tracheoles, each of which is a single elongated cell with no chitin. the walls are permeable to gases and are very thin, leading directly to the insect tissues and are the site of gas exchange

76
Q

what is the role of chitin?

A

used for flexible support and keeps the tube open, even if they are bent or pressed

77
Q

how is the insect gas exchange system adapted for efficient gas exchange?

A

has a large surface area, good concentration gradient and it is thin

78
Q

how does the insect gas exchange system have a large surface area?

A

tracheoles are separate from the tracheae

79
Q

how does the insect gas exchange system have a good concentration gradient?

A

via ventilation

80
Q

how is the insect gas exchange system thin?

A

tracheoles are just single elongated cells which are very thin

81
Q

what does tracheal fluid do?

A

limits air getting to the very end of the tracheoles, near to cells

82
Q

how can lactic acid in an insects body reduce the volume of fluid in the tracheoles?

A

it lowers the water potential of the cells, drawing water from the tracheoles into the cells by osmosis, meaning less fluid in tracheoles so it increases the surface area available for gas exchange

83
Q

what do sphincter muscles in insects do?

A

they are around the spiracles, so they can open and close

84
Q

why are sphincter muscles in insects necessary?

A

to prevent water loss

85
Q

how do sphincter muscles in insects work?

A

when inactive, they close the spiracles for periods of time to save water. when active, they open spiracles to allow more oxygen in, but some water vapour will leave out sometime

86
Q

how do insects ventilate their tracheal systems by expanding sections of the system?

A

act as air sacs, which can be squeezed by the action of the flight muscles. repetitive expansion and contraction of these sacs ventilate the tracheal system

87
Q

how do insects ventilate their tracheal systems by moving their wings?

A

it alters the volume of the thorax. as the thorax volume decreases, air in the tracheal system is put under pressure and is pushed out of the tracheal system. when the thorax increases in volume, the pressure inside drops and air is pushed from the tracheal system from outside

88
Q

how can locusts ventilate their tracheal system further than wing movement and tracheal expansion?

A

they can alter the volume of their abdomen by specialised breathing movements. this is coordinated with opening and closing valves in the spiracles. as abdomen expands, spiracle at front of body opens and air enters. as the abdomen reduces in volume, the spiracles at the rear end open and air can leave the tracheal system

biology (6 decks)

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