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GCSE Physical Education (AQA) > 3.1.1 - Applied anatomy and physiology > Flashcards

3.1.1 - Applied anatomy and physiology Flashcards

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1
Q

Identify the bones located in the upper body

A

Head/Neck - Cranium and vertebrae
Shoulder - Scapula and humerus
Chest - Ribs and sternum
Elbow - Humerus, radius and ulna

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2
Q

Identify the bones located in the lower body

A

Hip - Pelvis and femur
Knee - Femur, tibia and patella
Ankle - Tibia, fibula and talus

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3
Q

Identify the three functions of the skeleton

A

Three of:

  1. Support
  2. Protection of vital organs by flat bones
  3. Movement
  4. Structural shape and points for attachment
  5. Mineral storage
  6. Blood cell production
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4
Q

Explain how the functions of the skeleton are applied to performance in physical activity

A

Support: The bones are solid and rigid. They keep us upright and hold the rest of the body - muscles and organs - in place.

Protection: Certain parts of the skeleton protect the body’s organs from external forces. e.g. the brain is inside the cranium (heading a football), the ribs protect the heart and lungs. These are specifically important during contact sports such as rugby and boxing.

Movement: The skeleton helps the body move by providing anchor points for the muscles to pull against.

Structural Shape and Points of attachment: It gives us our shape and height. The points of attachment provide anchorage points for the muscles to attache, so when they contract we move.

Mineral Storage: Minerals are stored and released in the body when needed. This allows the body to maintain a stable balance of key minerals.

Blood cell production: Inner marrow of long bones produce red blood cells. Red blood cells carry oxygen around the body to working muscles. This is specifically important for aerobic athletes, such as marathon runners, team game athletes

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5
Q

Identify the muscles located in the upper body

A 
Latissimus dorsi - located at the back
Deltoid - located at the shoulder
Rotator cuffs - located at the shoulder
Pectorals - located at the chest
Biceps - located at the arms
Triceps - located at the arms
Abdominals - located at the torso
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6
Q

Identify the 6 structures of a synovial joint

A
  1. Synovial membrane
  2. Synovial fluid
  3. Joint capsule
  4. Bursae
  5. Cartilage
  6. Ligaments
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7
Q

How do the structures of a synovial joint prevent injury?

A

Cartilage: They cover the ends of the bones providing a smooth, friction-free surface.

Capsule that is lined with the synovial membrane and Synovial fluid: Lubricates the joint and reduces friction and wear.

Ligaments: Join bone to bone and strengthen the joint to prevent unnecessary movements and dislocations.

Bursae: Fluid filled bag that helps reduce friction in a joint.

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8
Q

Identify two types of freely movable joints

A
  1. Hinge joint

2. Ball and socket joint

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9
Q

Where on the body are hinge joints found?

A
  1. Elbow
  2. Knee
  3. Ankle
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10
Q

Where on the body are ball and socket joints found?

A
  1. Hip

2. Shoulder

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11
Q

Identify the muscles located in the lower body

A
  1. Hip flexors
  2. Gluteals
  3. Hamstring group
  4. Quadriceps group
  5. Gastrocnemius
  6. Tibialis anterior
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12
Q

What is the role of a ligaments?

A

Ligaments attach bone to bone and provide support at a joint.

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13
Q

What is the role of tendons?

A

Tendons attach muscle to bone and allow movement around a joint.

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14
Q

What freely movable joints does flexion/extension occur?

A

Flexion/extension occurs at the shoulder, elbow, hip and knee.

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15
Q

What freely movable joint does abduction/adduction occur?

A

Abduction/adduction occurs at the shoulder.

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16
Q

What freely movable joint does rotation occur?

A

Rotation occurs at the shoulder.

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17
Q

What freely moveable joint does plantar flexion/ dorsiflexion occur?

A

Plantar flexion/ dorsiflexion occurs at the ankle.

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18
Q

What is an agonist?

A

The muscle which causes the movement (prime mover).

For example when you extend your leg (knee joint), the quadriceps contract (agonist).

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19
Q

What is an antagonist?

A

The muscle that relaxes to allow the agonist to contract.

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20
Q

What does the term antagonistic pairs mean?

A

Muscles work in pairs to allow the body to move.

As one muscle contracts, the second muscle relaxes. As the second muscle contracts, the first muscle relaxes. This is known as antagonistic muscle action.

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21
Q

What are the different types of muscle contractions?

A

Isotonic: where the muscles change lengths (shorten or lengthen). Concentric (muscles shorten) and Eccentric (muscles lengthen)

Isometric: The muscle remains at the same length. For example during a scrum a prop’s on the initial engage contracts his quadriceps but they do not lengthen or shorten. This would change after the initial impact though.

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22
Q

What is the difference between concentric and eccentric (isotonic) contractions?

A

Concentric: muscle shortens
Eccentric: muscle lengthens

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23
Q

Give three examples of an isometric muscle contraction in three different physical activities.

A

Gymnast balancing
Athlete/swimmer on starting blocks
Weight-lifter holding finishing position
Wicket-keeper waiting for delivery of the ball.

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24
Q

Identify the pathway of air from the mouth to the alveoli.

A 
Air travels through the:
Mouth/Nose
Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Lungs
Alveoli
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25
Q

Where does gaseous exchange occur?

A

At the alveoli in the lungs or in the working muscles

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26
Q

Breathing enables gaseous exchange to occur at the alveoli.

Outline how two features of the alveoli assist in gaseous exchange.

A

Award one mark for each of the following points up to a maximum of two marks.
• Large surface area of alveoli to allow larger volumes of gases / oxygen and carbon dioxide to move between the lungs and the bloodstream (1)
• Moist thin walls / one cell thick creating a short distance for diffusion / short diffusion pathway (1)
• Lots of capillaries around the alveoli so large area for gas exchange (1)
• Large blood supply to carry gases / oxygen and carbon dioxide (1)
• Movement of gas from high concentration to low concentration means there is a pressure gradient which allows diffusion to occur (1)
Accept any other suitable outline of how features of the alveoli assist in gaseous exchange. Answers must link the feature to how it assists in gaseous exchange.

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27
Q

What carries oxygen around the body?

A

Red blood cells (specifically haemoglobin). Haemoglobin is the oxygen carrying capacity within red blood cells.

Fact: Haemoglobin can also carry carbon dioxide.

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28
Q

Name the three blood vessels in the body.

A
  1. Arteries
  2. Veins
  3. Capillaries
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29
Q

Give the structures of arteries, veins and capillaries.

A

Arteries: Arteries are thick, muscular and have elastic walls to withstand pressure. They have a small lumen (internal diameter).

Veins: Veins have valves that stop back flow. Are not elastic (do not stretch or have a pulse). They have a thin wall, but have a large lumen (internal diameter)

Capillaries: The walls are one cell thick that allows gaseous exchange to occur. Very narrow - only one cell at a time.

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30
Q

Give the functions of arteries, veins and capillaries.

A

Arteries:

Veins:

Capillaries:

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31
Q

What is vasodilation?

A

When the blood vessels increase in diameter that increases blood flow around the body.

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32
Q

What is vasoconstriction?

A

When the blood vessels decrease in diameter and restrict/reduce blood flow.

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33
Q

How does the structure of arteries link to its function?

A

Carry blood away from the heart, with most (but not all) carrying bright red oxygenated blood. They have elastic walls that allow for it to withstand the pressure (from the heart pumping).

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34
Q

How does the structure of veins link to its function?

A

They carry blood towards the heart, with most (but not all) carrying dark deoxygenated blood. They have no stretch and are thin-walled as they do not need to withstand large amounts of pressure. Veins have valves which prevent backflow of blood.

35
Q

How does the structure of cappilaries link to its function?

A

Capillaries have a large network of tiny vessels that link to arteries and veins. This allows for gaseous exchange to occur to working muscles around the body. They are very narrow that allows one red blood cell at a time. They have very thin walls (one cell thick) to allow rapid diffusion of substances into and out of the blood (oxygen and carbon dioxide).

36
Q

What are the names for the arteries and veins that enter and leave the heart?

A

Arteries: Pulmonary artery enters the heart transporting oxygenated blood to go to the heart. The Aorta leaves the heart to transport oxygenated blood around the body (to vital organs and muscles).

Veins: Pulmonary Vein leaves the heart transporting deoxygenated blood to the lungs. The Vena Cava transports deoxygenated blood from the vital organs and muscles to the heart.

37
Q

Name the four chambers to the heart

A

Atria (Left and right atria)

Ventricles (left and right ventricles)

38
Q

Name the valve that connects the atrium to the ventricles.

A

Atrioventricular valves

39
Q

Explain the cardiac cycle and pathway of blood from lungs to the working muscles (including diastole and systole.

A

The pulmonary vein receive oxygen via diffusion and gaseous exchange, and transports it to the heart (left atria). . The heart fills up with blood (diastole) then ejects it from through the atrioventricular valve to the left ventricle. Blood then gets ejected out of the chamber throught the aorta around the body (vital organs and working muscles).

40
Q

Explain the cardiac cycle and pathway of blood from working muscles to the lungs.

A

The capilarries receive deoxygenated blood from the working muscles. This is then transported in the vena cava to the heart (right atria). Blood is then transported to the right ventricle. The pulmonary artery transports blood away from the heart to the lungs, where it collects oxygen through diffusion at the alveoli and capillaries.

41
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

The volume of blood pumped out (leaving) the heart per beat.

42
Q

What is heart rate?

A

The amount of beats by the heart in one minute.

43
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

The volume of blood pumped around (leaving) the heart in one minute.

44
Q

What is the cardiac output of a performer who have a stroke volume of 70 mls and a heart rate of 70 beats per minute?

A

4900 mls/min or 4.9 L/min

Key tip: remember the units

45
Q

What is systole?

A

Term used to describe the contraction phase of the cardiac cycle.

46
Q

What is diastole?

A

Term used to describe the relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle.

47
Q

What is the function of haemoglobin?

A

Transports oxygen (as oxyhaemoglobin; also transports carbon dioxide).

48
Q

Name the two processes of breathing

A
  1. Inspiration (Inhalation)

2. Expiration (Exhalation)

49
Q

What is the process inspiration?

A

Is the intake of air into the lungs, which is brought about by increasing the volume of the chest cavity.

50
Q

What is the process expiration?

A

Is the expulsion of air from the lungs through reducing the volume of the chest cavity.

51
Q

Name four factors that assist with gaseous exchange.

A
  1. Thin cell walls/membranes
  2. Short distance between membranes
  3. Large surface area
  4. Layer of moisture
  5. Rich blood supply / lots of capillaries.
52
Q

Explain why oxygen diffuses into the blood.

A

Because concentration of oxygen is higher in the alveoli than in the blood.

53
Q

Name the breathing muscles used to inspire aid during rest.

A

Diaphragm and intercostal muscles

54
Q

Name the breathing muscles used to inspire aid during exercise.

A

Pectorals

55
Q

How is air expired during rest?

A

The diaphragm and intercostals relax and the chest cavity returns to its normal / resting size.

56
Q

Name the breathing muscles used to expire air during exercise.

A

Abdominals

57
Q

What does the term ‘tidal volume’ mean.

A

Is the amount of air that enters the lungs during normal inspiration at rest.

58
Q

What does the term ‘inspiratory reserve volume’ mean?

A

Is the amount of extra air inspired (above tidal volume) during a deep breath in.

(This can be as high as 3000 ml)

59
Q

What does the term ‘expiratory reserve volume’ mean?

A

Is the amount of extra air expired (above tidal volume) during a forceful breath out.

60
Q

What does the term ‘residual volume’ mean?

A

Is the amount of air left in the lungs following a maximal expiration. There is always some air remaining in the lungs.

61
Q

What is the average tidal volume?

A

500 ml. The same amount leaves the lungs during expiration.

62
Q

Describe the mechanics of inhalation at rest? (2 marks)

A

Diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract; chest volume increases; rib cage moves upwards and out air moves from higher pressure into in the lungs.

63
Q

Describe how the mechanics of breathing change during exercise. (2 marks)

A

Inspiration is assisted by the pectorals and sternocleidomastoid;

During expiration the rib cage is pulled down quicker to force air out quicker due to use of the abdominal muscles.

64
Q

What lung volume is used to increase the amount of air breathed in?

A

Inspiratory reserve volume

65
Q

What is the name of the amount of air left in the lungs after a full expiration?

A

Residual volume

66
Q

What is ‘aerobic exercise’?

A

Aerobic exercise is when oxygen is used to provide energy to the working muscles.

(Tip: Aer … Air … with oxygen)

67
Q

What is ‘anaerobic exercise’?

A

Anaerobic exercise is where the energy needed for the exercise is provided in the absence of oxygen.

68
Q

Give three examples of aerobic exercise.

A

Aerobic activities involve a low-moderate intensity for a prolonged period of time.

  • Marathon runner
  • Footballer
  • Swimmer (long distance)
  • Endurance cyclist
69
Q

Give three examples of anaerobic exercise.

A

Anaerobic activities involve high intensity for a short duration of time.

  • Sprinting events (100m, 200, 400m, 4x100m relay)
  • WInger in rugby would work anaerobically when sprinting. (also does work aerobically).
  • Long jumper
  • Swimmer (short distance)
70
Q

Aerobic respiration equation

A

Aerobic Exercise:

Glucose + Oxygen -> Energy + Carbon Dioxide + Water

71
Q

Anaerobic respiration equation

A

Anaerobic Exercise:

Glucose -> Energy + Lactic Acid

72
Q

What is lactic acid?

A

Lactic acid is a waste product of anaerobic exercise and cause fatigue.

73
Q

Is the marathon an aerobic or anaerobic event? Explain your answer. (3 marks)

A
  • It is an Aerobic event.
  • The athlete would need to utilise oxygen.
  • A marathon lasts for a long duration (long distance)
  • Low intensity when compared to sprinting.
74
Q

What is oxygen debt?

A

Oxygen debt is the temporary oxygen shortage in the body due to strenuous exercise.

75
Q

What is EPOC?

A

Excess Post-exercise Oxygen Consumpation

Increased rate of oxygen intake following strenuous activity. Due to the athlete maintaining an increased breathing rate after exercise to repay the debt.

76
Q

Why do we get an ‘oxygen debt’ after strenuous exercise?

A

Use of anaerobic exercise, so need to repay the oxygen not used.

Increased rate of oxygen intake following strenuous anaerobic exercise (producing lactic acid). Due to the athlete maintaining an increased breathing rate after exercise to repay the debt.

77
Q

What is the function of EPOC?

A

To remove lactic acid.

78
Q

Name the four methods of recovery from vigourous exercise.

A
  1. Cool Down
  2. Manipulation of diet - rehydration, carbohydrates for energy
  3. Ice Baths / Massage - prevention of Delayed Onset of Muscle Soreness (DOMS)
79
Q

What is DOMS?

A

Delayed Onsent of Muscle Soreness

80
Q

What causes DOMS?

A

Strenuous activity invovling different exercises that utilise eccentric muscular contractionss (muscle fibres lengthen). This causes tiny muscle tears which release fluid.

81
Q

What are the immediate effects of exercise?

A
  • The athlete becomes hot/sweaty/ red skin (Increased temperature).
  • Increase in depth and frequency of breathing
  • Increased heart rate
82
Q

What are the short-term effects of exercise?

A
  • tiredness / fatigue
  • Light headedness (dizzy)
  • Nausea (feeling sick)
  • Aching / delayed onset of muscle soreness (DOMS)/ cramp
83
Q

What are the long-term effects of exercise?

A
  • Body shape may change (somatotype)
  • Improvements in specific components of fitness
  • Build muscluar strength
  • Improved muscular endurance
  • Improved speed
  • Improve suppleness (flexibility)
  • Build cardio-vascular endurance (aerobic endurance)
  • Improve stamina (similar to above)
  • Increase in the size of the heart (hypertrophy)
  • Lower resting heart rate (bradycardia)

Understand how the componenents of fitness can be improved.

GCSE Physical Education (AQA) (7 decks)

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