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310 > 310 Test 2 > Flashcards

310 Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Acepromazine maleate

A

Tranquilizer

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2
Q

Azaperone (stresnil)

A

Tranquilizer

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3
Q

Diazepam (valium)

A

Tranquilizer

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4
Q

Zolazepam

A

Tranquilizer

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5
Q

Xylazine hydrochloride

A

Alpha 2 adrenergic agonist. Reversal is yohimbine.

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6
Q

Medetomidine hydrochloride

A

Alpha 2 adrenergic agonist. Reversal is tolazoline.

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7
Q

Ketamine hydrochloride

A

Dissociative agent (cyclohexane)

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8
Q

Tiletamine

A

Dissociative agent (cyclohexane)

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9
Q

Etorphine

A

Opioid/narcotic. Reversal with diprenorphine.

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10
Q

Carfentanil citrate

A

Opioid/narcotic. Reversal with naltrexone/naloxone/narcan.

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11
Q

Thiofentanil oxalate

A

Opioid/narcotic

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12
Q

Tranquilizer

A

Calming, incoordination, does not cause anesthesia or analgesia. Suppresses vomiting.

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13
Q

Alpha 2 adrenergic agonist

A

Depresses CNS, can cause anesthesia and analgesia at high doses. Can kill at high doses via respiratory failure. Commonly used in livestock.

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14
Q

Dissociative agent (cyclohexanes)

A

Separates conscious mind from sensory and motor control. Causes rapid analgesia and anesthesia. Does not depress CNS. Commonly used with alpha 2 or tranquilizers.

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15
Q

Opioids/narcotics

A

Powerful analgesia, large doses cause anesthesia and CNS depression, high dose can kill via respiratory failure. Federal permit required.

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16
Q

Common drug combos

A

Ketamine/xylazine. Telazol. BAM.

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17
Q

Ketamine/xylazine

A

Capture All 5. Ket does not depress CNS, xylazine reduces convulsions and rigidity. Dissociative/alpha 2.

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18
Q

Telazol

A

Tiletamine (dissociative agent) and zolazepam (tranquilizer). Predictable in carnivores like bears, also used on reptiles and birds. No reversal, federal permit required.

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19
Q

BAM

A

Butorphanol (opiate), azaperone (tranquilizer), medetomidine (alpha 2). Used on ungulates and carnivores. Smooth and short induction time, low volumes needed. Reverse with naltrexone, atipamezole, or tolazoline.

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20
Q

Anesthetic gases

A

Metathane, halthane, isoflurane.

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21
Q

If human exposure to drugs

A

Call 911 - a wildlife biologist has been exposed to a veterinary anesthetic called __.

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22
Q

Whole blood

A

Purple top tube, has an anticoagulant to prevent clotting. Used when blood cells are required. When spun this produces plasma.

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23
Q

Serum

A

Red top or tiger top tube. No anticoagulant in tube, blood will clot. Remaining yellowish liquid is serum. Used for chemical, mineral, hormonal blood work.

24
Q

Non destructive

A

Doesn’t kill the animal.

25
Q

Non invasive

A

Animal isn’t aware of the collection.
Capture images, DNA (hair), tracks and signs.

26
Q

Non destructive DNA collection

A

Blood (high quality DNA), tissue (high quality DNA), saliva or mucus (lower quality than previous two).

27
Q

Non invasive DNA collection

A

Scat (low quality DNA), dead tissue (low quality DNA) - bone, shed skin, eggshells. Hair (low quality DNA), feathers (low quality DNA).

28
Q

Camera trapping

A

Can typically tell species, age, sex, marked animals, behaviors. Spatial distribution, trails vs random placement, baited vs unbaited.

29
Q

Census

A

Total count of animals in the study area.
Only works with limited areas and fewer, visible animals in open spaces.

30
Q

Estimate

A

Uses an unbiased set of samples from incomplete count and a measure of detection to infer population size.
Can estimate population of a larger area by measuring a small sample and scaling it up.

31
Q

Index

A

Not size itself, but measures something that varies predictably with population size. Provides trends.

32
Q

Accuracy

A

Measure of how close a population estimate is to the true population size.

33
Q

Precision

A

Measure of the spread of individual estimates or sampling units.

34
Q

Double sampling

A

Split into quadrats or strip plots. Count all animals on plots then do a rapid count for entire study area. B=y/x. y is ratio of # counted on rapid survey, x is intensive survey. N=C/B. C is # counted across whole area.

35
Q

Double sampling assumptions

A

All animals on intensive count counted. Animals have not moved from plots between intensive and rapid surveys.

36
Q

Distance sampling assumptions

A

All animals on line are detected. Animals do not move before they are sighted. Sightings are independent events.

37
Q

Lincoln Peterson

A

Sample a subset of population (n1). Mark all captured animals (m1). Release animals. Sample population again (n2) and count number that had been marked (m2). m2/n2 = n1/N. B = m2/n1. N = n1n2/m2.

38
Q

Lincoln Peterson assumptions

A

Population is closed. Marks are not lost, gained, or overlooked. All animals are equally likely to be captured in each sample.

39
Q

Measuring diet composition

A

Ocular estimate, post ingestion analysis, post digestion analysis, post assimilation analysis.

40
Q

Ocular estimate

A

Observe animal eating and record. Pros - observe food type and size before digestion, relatively non invasive. Cons - difficult to ID plant from afar, difficult for secretive animals or at night, usually small sample sizes.

41
Q

Post ingestion

A

Obtaining food from digestive tract, usually from dissected dead animal. Pros - usually gets more samples, includes food eaten at night, usually know animal species. Cons - more invasive, may require dead animal, food more difficult to ID.

42
Q

Post digestion

A

Obtaining food from feces, microhistology. Examine under microscope. Pros - non invasive, allows large sample sizes, works for secretive animals. Cons - ID requires skills/lab, high quality foods under represented, usually don’t know species.

43
Q

Post assimilation

A

Fatty acids and stable isotopes. Punch biopsy, carbon and nitrogen measurements. Pros - can look at different time scales, can be non invasive. Cons - need reference sample, difficult to quantify, requires analytical tools.

44
Q

Percent occurrence

A

Number of individuals that had a food item in its diet. Need large sample size.

45
Q

Mean percent frequency

A

Average of number of a food item in an animals diet/total number of food items in diet.

46
Q

Mean percent mass or volume

A

Average of mass or volume of food item in diet/total mass or volume of diet.

47
Q

Radiation

A

Flow of energy as electromagnetic waves or particles through space at the speed of light from all objects above absolute zero.

48
Q

Convection

A

Flow of heat in a moving fluid especially at the interface with a solid. Animals boundary layer reduces convective heat loss.

49
Q

Conduction

A

Flow of heat when oscillating molecules exchange kinetic energy without appreciably changing position. Contact surfaces.

50
Q

Evaporation

A

Loss of heat from animal as water changes from a liquid to a gas. Greater surface area increases evaporation. Larger animals have less surface area per unit body mass.

51
Q

Measuring fear

A

Scan sampling (record behavior of animals per interval), focal animal sampling (records one animal continuously), flight initiation distance (walk towards them). Cortisol levels and glucocorticoid levels.

52
Q

Temperature

A

Thermometer, thermistor. Affects conduction, convection, radiation and evaporation.

53
Q

Windspeed

A

Anemometer. Affects forced convection and evaporation.

54
Q

Humidity

A

Sling psychrometer or electronic hygrometer. Affects evaporation.

55
Q

Thermal radiation

A

Pyrometer.

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