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MOL MED EOB4 revision content (block 1, genetics, cancer) > 3.1. introduction to cancer I > Flashcards

3.1. introduction to cancer I Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Benign:

A

•Slow growth rate
•Histo resembles parent tissue
•Does not invade tissues (but may compress them)
- benign do have harmful effects due to size, chemical hormones etc. BUT they do not invade

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2
Q

Malignant:

A
  • May grow rapidly
  • Histo –may look very different to tissue of origin
  • Invasive and may spread to other organs
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3
Q

When a neoplasm is benign the suffix ___

A

oma is added to the cell or organ of origin e.g. lipoma (adipose tissue)

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4
Q

When a neoplasm is malignant the suffix___

A

carcinoma or sarcoma is usually added to the cell or organ of origin e.g. pancreatic carcinoma, leiomyosarcoma).

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5
Q

lymphoma meaning

A

malignancy of lymphoid tissue

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6
Q

leukaemia meaning

A

malignancy of bone marrow

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7
Q

melanoma meaning

A

malignancy of melanocytes

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8
Q

Sarcoma meaning

A

Malignant neoplasm of mesenchyme (connective tissue), rarer than carcinomas, e.g. liposarcoma, osteosarcoma)

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9
Q

Carcinoma meaning

A

A malignant epithelial neoplasm

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10
Q

term for Malignant squamous epithelium:

A

carcinoma e.g. squamous cell carcinoma

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11
Q

term for Malignant glandular epithelium:

A

denocarcinoma e.g. colonic adenocarcinoma

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12
Q

term for malignant haematolymphoid

A

lymphoma/leukaemias

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13
Q

term Malignant pigmented skin (melanocytes)

A

melanoma

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14
Q

list the direct effects of cancer

A
  • Pressure
  • Obstruction
  • Destruction of tissue
  • Ulceration with bleeding and infection
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15
Q

list the indirect effects of cancer

A
  • Cachexia(wasting) and fever

* Paraneoplastic syndromes

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16
Q

what usually causes death of a cancer patient?

A

It is usually not the original tumour which leads to death, rather it is the spread of the cancer to important organs like the brain, lung and liver which kills the person.

17
Q

list the benign tumour shapes in epithelial tissues

A
  1. sessile
  2. polyp
  3. papillary
18
Q

list the malignant tumour shapes in epithelial tissue

A
  1. fungating
  2. ulcerating
  3. annular
19
Q

“differentiation” meaning with reference to cancer

A

How similar is the histological appearance of the tumour to the normal histology of that tissue

20
Q

features indicating poor differentiation

A
  1. disorganisation
  2. change in appearnace of individual cells
  3. mitotic figures increases (i.e. many cells undergoing proliferation)
21
Q

list the histological characteristics of cancer cells

A
  1. large number of dividing cells
  2. large, variably shaped nuclei
  3. large nucleus to cytoplasm ratio
  4. variation in size and shape
  5. loss of normal cell features
  6. disorganized arrangement
  7. poorly defined tumor boundary
22
Q

what are the two pathways of cancer growth and progression

A
  1. carcinoma progression (carcinoma arising in an epithelium)
  2. the adinoma-carcinoma pathway
23
Q

describe the carcinoma progression

A
  1. cell with genetic mutation
  2. hyperplasia (results in increased cell number)
  3. dysplasia (cells look different from surrounding)
  4. in situ cancer (basement membrane still intact)
  5. invasive cancer (invasion & metastisis occurs–> lots of epigenetic changes occur)
24
Q

describe the adenoma-carcinoma pathway

A
  1. normal mucosa
  2. aberrant crypt focus (hyperproliferative epithelium)
  3. early adenoma
  4. late adenoma
  5. invasive cancer
25
Q

What is the clinical significance of these pathways of cancer development?

A

Screening for early, treatable cancers

26
Q

what are checks for early detection of cancer?

A
  1. pap smear
  2. mammogram
  3. colonoscopy
27
Q

what form the basis of cancer?

A
  1. DNA mutations
    •Spontaneous –cell division and DNA replication
    •Induced –“mutagens” –e.g. toxins, irradiation
  2. Epigenetic changes miRNA etc

*Cancer: The“right” combination of mutations and epigenetic changes in a single cell

28
Q

why does cancer take time to develop?

A
  1. requires accumulation of mutations –> increasing predisposition to accumulate more genetic abnormalities
  2. accumulation of mutations takes time
  3. cancer increases in incidence with age

MOL MED EOB4 revision content (block 1, genetics, cancer) (9 decks)

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