3.1- importance of ATP

Question 1

What is ATP used for?

Answer 1

•to drive reactions (it is the universal energy currency)
•all reactions in cells

Question 2

Give examples of when ATP is made (when energy is available)

Answer 2

• respiration

• light DEPENDENT stage of photosynthesis

Question 3

Give examples of when ATP is broken down(when energy is needed)

Answer 3

• Muscle contraction

• Biosynthesis

• Powering the membrane (Na+ and K+ pumps)

Question 4

Give ATP characteristics

Answer 4

•it’s inert

•releases energy efficiently and in usually quantities

•easily HYDROLYSED to release energy

•readily REFORMED by PHOSPHORYLATION

Question 5

What is ATP made up of

Answer 5

• ribose sugar

• adenine molecule

• 3 phosphate groups

Question 6

Breakdown of ATP equations

Answer 6

• ATP + Water ————> ADP + Pi (+Energy)

Using ATPase

Question 7

Equation for the regeneration of ATP

Answer 7

• ADP + Pi (+Energy) ————> ATP + Water

Question 8

What is the definition of CHEMIOSMOSIS?

Answer 8

• the flow of protons DOWN an electrochemical gradient (ECT) using ATPsynthetase/synthase enzyme

—> synthesises ATP from ADP and a phosphate ion

Question 9

Where does chemiosmosis occur

Answer 9

• Occurs in the MITOCHONDRIA

——>in its matrix and inter-membrane space

Question 10

Describe the process of chemiosmosis

Answer 10

•High energy electron powers the process (NAD + H2 + 2e- ——> NADH2)

1) electrons are picked up by electron carriers
2) they’re transported to a proton pump (1/3 pumps)
3) the electron provides ENERGY to proton pump to ACTIVELY TRANSPORT (AT) H+ ions from MITOCHONDRIAL MATRIX to the INTERMEMBRANE SPACE
4) IM space is MORE conc than matrix
5) this forms an ECT - source of energy potential (has an UNEVEN distribution of charges)
6)H+ ions diffuse BACK to matrix via a STALKED PARTICLE
7) The energy from this activates ATPsynthase to convert ADP TO ATP

• electrons from NADH2 cause 3H+ ions to diffuse ——> 3 ATP formed
• electrons from 3RD pump join to form WATER (2H+ +2e- +1/2 O2 ——> H2O)

Question 11

Label a mitochondria

Answer 11

Look at internet and label

Question 12

Label a chloroplast

Answer 12

Look at internet and label

Question 13

How do bacteria establish a proton gradient

Answer 13

•they use a cell membrane as they have NO internal membranes

•they pump protons OUT of the cytoplasm into space between membrane and peptidoglycan layer (supports ENDOSYMBIOSIS)

Question 14

Similarities between mitochondria and chloroplasts

Answer 14

•use ATP synthetase

•protons provide energy for ATP synthesis

•ECT on inner membrane of organelle