3.1 Importance Of ATP Flashcards
What is chemiosmosis
Flow of protons down an electrochemical gradient through ATP synthetase coupled with the synthesis of ATP from ADP + Pi
Name of ATP
Adenosine triphosphate
Why can ATP be referred to as the universal energy currency
Used in all living cells and organisms for all/most reactions
How does ATP release energy
In small quantities (30.6kJmol-1) through a one step reaction using ATPase where the high energy bond between the second and third phosphate is hydrolysed
Some reactions ATP is used for
Protein synthesis
Muscle contraction
Active transport
Mitosis
Where does the electron transport chain occur in the chloroplast
Thylakoid membrane
Where does the electron transport chain occur in the mitochondria
Cristae
Where is the electrochemical gradient in the chloroplast
From the thylakoid space to the stroma
Where is the electrochemical gradient in the mitochondria
From intermembrane space to the matrix
Co-enzyme involved in electron transport chain of chloroplast
NADP
Co-enzyme involved in electron transport chain of mitochondria
NAD
FAD
Final electron acceptor in electron transport chain of chloroplast
Cyclic - chlorophyll a
Noncyclic - NADP and H+
Final electron acceptor in electron transport chain of mitochondria
Oxygen
What is phosphorylation
Addition of a phosphate group or ion to a molecule
What is oxidative phosphorylation
Addition of phosphate ion to ADP using energy from electron loss
When does oxidative phosphorylation occur
During electron transport chain
What is photophosphorylation
When energy that powers the proton pumps and the Electron Transport Chain in chloroplasts comes from LIGHT
When does photophosphorylation occur
When ATP is synthesised in chloroplasts
What is substrate level phosphorylation
When phosphate groups are transferred from donor molecules
When does substrate level phosphorylation occur
Glycolysis and Krebs
What kind of oxygen requirements does yeast have
Facultative anaerobe
What is the enzyme used in dehydrogenation and what does it reduce
Dehydrogenase
Reduces NAD to NADH2
What does dehydrogenase do
Removes hydrogen atoms from intermediates in both respirations and transfers them to hydrogen acceptors such as NAD and FAD
What are the H acceptors in respiration and what acts as an artificial hydrogen acceptor
NAD FAD
methylene blue
What is the colour change of methylene blue when it is reduced
Blue to colourless
What can be measured in the investigation of dehydrogenase activity
The time taken for indicator to change colour
Control for the investigation of dehydrogenase activity
Boil the yeast and let it cool
This denatures the enzyme so when repeated there is no colour change as dehydrogenase is denatured
This proves it is the independent variable that is responsible for the difference in the results
Hazard risk and control method when handling yeast
• yeast is a fungus which could cause an eye infection
• when measuring the yeast it could splash into your eyes
• wear safety goggles and wash hands prior to contact with yeast
Hazard risk and control method when using glass
• can be sharp if broken
• cut yourself whilst handling it
• clear up any broken glass quickly and take care when handling it
Area of uncertainty in investigation of dehydrogenase activity and improvement
• subjective reading when deciding when the colour of methylene blue has gone
• use a colorimeter and see the time it takes for the solution to reach a pre-determined absorbance which turns it into an objective reading
