3.1 History Of Sport Flashcards
Mob football (pre-industrial)
Local Limited transport and communications Rural in nature Made use of what was available Played by lower class Only played occasionally on holy days Male dominated and violent Little rules
Real tennis (pre-industrial)
For upper class males Highly educated so complex rules High moral code and lacks violence Played on a regular basis Purpose built facilities Specialist equipment Ability to travel
Athletics as popular recreation (pre-industrial)
Foot racing. Consisted of footmen. Hired by the upper class to compete as messengers, for their speed of movement across open land. Raced against each other. Success meant status for the upper class men. Upper class became patrons, by looking after the lower class performer, setting them up for races and prize money through success.
Wenlock Olympian games
Set up by William penny Brookes.
October 1850 had athletics, football, cricket and running.
Rules were written, athletes drawn from all over the country.
De Coubertin was inspired and created the Olympic Games.
Social and cultural influences on the development of rational recreation - The industrial revolution effects (first half of 19th century)
Migration of the lower classes into urban areas
Lack of leisure time
Lack of income
Poor health
Loss of rights
A lack of public provision - no facilities
Second half of 19th century
Health and hygiene improved
Gradual increase in wages, more time for sport
Middle class formed
Influence of ex-public school boys
Values of athleticism
Industrial patronage - factory teams set up
Cheaper to travel
Social and cultural influences on the development of rational recreation - Urbanisation
Lack of space
Large working class populations
Loss of traditional sports
Change in working conditions
Social and cultural influences on the development of rational recreation - The transport revolution
Development of railway means movement of teams
Improved access to different parts of the country
Cheaper train travel
Improved access to the countryside
Social and cultural influences on the development of rational recreation - communications
Improved as society became more literate
Printed media
Emergence of role models
Social and cultural influences on the development of rational recreation - the influence of the church
Encouraged social control Church provided venues and facilities Clergy gave encouragement for the working class to take part Set up clubs and competitions Set up Boys brigade
Social and cultural influences on the development of rational recreation - emergence of middle class
Codification - rules set up by ex public school boys Competitions Public provision - philanthropists Increased leisure time Move to professionalism
Personality - Trait theory
Individual is born with innate characteristics, called traits. Attempts to predict sports behaviour. Sports performers behaving in the same way means we can predict behaviour. An extrovert has a loud personality and can be predicted.
Personality - The social learning approach (theory)
Social learning theory offers another explanation into how our personalities develop. Suggest we learn personality from other people, especially role models and significant others. Socialisation occurs where we associate with other people and pick up their behaviour. We are more likely to learn behaviour that has been reinforced and is seen as successful. We observe others and copy them.
The interactionist theory
Explains how personality is developed and influenced by genetic and environmental influences. Combines the trait and social learning theory which suggests personality is genetically influenced and also learned from others.
Lewin approach to personality
Combining of trait and social learning theory B f(PxE)
