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Biology: Module 3 > 3.1: Exchange surfaces and breathing > Flashcards

3.1: Exchange surfaces and breathing Flashcards

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1
Q

Why do single celled organisms not need specialised exchange surfaces?

A

Substances can easily enter the cell because the distance that needs to be travelled is short

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2
Q

Why do multicellular organisms need specialised exchange surfaces?

A

This is because they have a lower surface area to volume ratio whihc means there is a larger distance that substances need to cross over

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3
Q

What are features of specialised exchange surfaces?

A
  • Larger surface area (root hair cells/folded membranes)
  • Thin - means short diffusion distance
  • Good blood supply - maintains steep gradient
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4
Q

How does air enter the lungs?

A

Air enters through the nose, along the trachea, bronchi and bronchioles
Takes place in the alveoli

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5
Q

What is the alveoli?

A

They are air sacs filled with air

  • Smallest clusters of bronchiole have alveoli
  • 1 cell thick
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6
Q

What are the airways held open with?

A

They are held open with rings of cartilage
However, in the trachea it is incomplete as it allows food to pass through

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7
Q

What are similarities and differences of the trachea and bronchi?

A

Differences:

  • Bronchi is narrower

Similarities:

  • Composed of several layers, make of thick wall of cartilage (incomplete c rings)
  • Inside surface of cartilage is a layer of glandular and connective tissue, elastic fibre, smooth muscle and blood vessles (reffered to as loose tissue)
  • Inner lining is an epithelial layer composed of ciliated epithelium and goblet cells
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8
Q

What are the structures or functions of cartilage?

A

Involved in supporting the trachea and bronchi
Plays an important role in preventing the lungs from collapsing in the event of pressure drop during exhalation

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9
Q

What are the structures and functions of the ciliated epithelium?

A
  • Present in bronchi, bronchioles and trachea
  • Involved in moving mucus along to prevent lung inflation by moving it towards the throat
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10
Q

What are the structures and functions of goblet cells?

A
  • Cells present in the trachea, bronchi and bronchioles
  • Involves in mucus secretion to trap bacteria and dust to reduce the risk of infection
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11
Q

What are the structures and functions of smooth muscle?

A

Their ability to contract enables them to

  • Play a role in constricting the airway
  • Thus controllong its diameter
  • As a result controlling the flow of air to and from the alveoli
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12
Q

What are structures and functions of elastic fibres?

A

Strecth when we inhale and recoil when we exhale thus controlling the flow of air

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13
Q

What is ventilation?

stages and muscles

A

The flow of air to and from the alveoli
Stages: Inspiration and exhalation
Muscles: Intercostal and diaphragm

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14
Q

What happens in inspiration?

A
  1. External intercostal muscles contract whereas the internal ones relax and ribs raise upwards
  2. Diaphragm contracts ad flattens
  3. Volume of chest cavity increases which lowers the pressure
  4. Difference between pressure inside the lungs and atmospheric oressure creates a gradient and air enter the lungs
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15
Q

What happens in expiration?

A
  1. Internal intercostal muscles contact whereas external ones relax and this lowers the ribcage
  2. Diaphragm relaxes and rises upwards
  3. These actions decrease the volume of the chest cavity and the pressure increases
  4. This forces air out of the lungs
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16
Q

What is a spirometer and what happens?

A

A device that is used to measure lung volume

Person breathes in and out of airtight chamber and it moves up and down
It leaves a trace of the graph that can be interpreted

17
Q

What is vital capacity?

A

Maximum volume of air that can be inhaled and exhaled in a single breath. Varies by age, gender and size

18
Q

What is tidal volume?

A

The volume of air we breathe in and out at each breath at rest (it can be exceeded)

19
Q

What is breathing rate

A

The number of breaths per min calculated by number of peaks in 60 seconds

20
Q

What is residual volume?

A

Volume of air always present in lungs

21
Q

What is expiratory reserve volume?

A

Additional volume of air that can be exhaled on top of the tidal volume

22
Q

How are substances transported in insects?

A

Insects do not posess a transport system so oxygen needs to be transported directly to tissues undergoing respiration
This is achieved by spiracles

23
Q

What are spiracles?

A

Small openings of tubes, either bigger trachea or smaller tracheals. They run into the body and supply it with required gases
They are opened or closed to avoid excessive water loss

24
Q

What is tracheal fluid?

A

At the end of a tracheole and allows gases to dissolve and then diffuse into the cells

25
Q

What are tracheoles?

A

Function:

  • Gas exchange

Structure:

  • No chitin - permeable to gases
  • Individual elongated cells - increases surface area
26
Q

What is a tracheal?

A

Carries air into the body
Lined with chitin which is impermeable to gases

  • Main function of chitin is to support the trachea
27
Q

What happens when the insect is at rest?

A
  • Tracheoles surrounded by tracheal fluid
  • Limits air penetration
  • No gaseous exchange is happening
28
Q

What happens when the insect is active?

A
  • Tracheoles from rest have a high water potential
  • Cells near active tracheoles undergo anaerobic respiration and produce lactic acid
  • Decreases water potential
  • Tracheole fluid moves out and into surrounding cells by osmosis
  • Increases SA for efficient diffusion of the gases
29
Q

How are insects ventilated?

A

Sections of the tracheal system are expanded and have flexible walls

  • They act as air sacs and are squeezed by the action of the flight muscles
  • Repetitive expansion and contraction of these sacs ventilate tracheal system
30
Q

How do movements of the wings alter the volume of the thorax?

A
  1. Thorax volume decreases, air in the tracheal system put under pressure and pushed out of the trachela system
  2. Thorax volume increases, pressure inside drops and air is pushed into the tracheal system from the outside
31
Q

How do locusts and other insects ventilate?

A

They alter the volume of abdomen by specialised breathing movements
1. Abdomen expands, spiracles at front end of body open and air enters the tracheal system
2. Abdomen reduces in volume, spiracles rear end of the body open and air can leave the tracheal system

32
Q

What are the features of bony fish?

A
  • Small surface area to volume ratio for gas exchange
  • Impermeable membrane so gases cannot diffuse through their skin
33
Q

What is the features of gills?

A
  • Each gill is supported by a gill arch
  • Along each arch are gill filaments (projections)
    They have lamellae - participate in gas exchange
  • Blood and water flows across lamellae in counter current direction
34
Q

Why can fish not survive long out of water?

A

Projections held apart by water flow
Absence of water they stick together

35
Q

How does ventilation occur in bony fish?

9 steps

A
  1. Mouth opens: Buccal cavity expands
  2. Increases buccal volume therefore it decreases pressure
  3. Water moves into the buccal cavity down the pressure gradient
  4. Opercular cavity expands (valves shut)
  5. Increasing volume and decreasing pressure (even lower than buccal pressure)
  6. Water moves from buccal cavity into opercular cavity across gills down pressure gradient
  7. Buccal cavity and opercular cavity both constrict
  8. Decreases volume and increases pressure
  9. Water pushes valves open
  • Leaves opercular cavity to outside, down pressure gradient
36
Q

What are precautions when using a spirometer?

A
  • Subject should be healthy - free of asthma
  • Soda lime fresh and functioning
  • Mouthpiece should be sterilised
  • Water chamber must not be overfilled

Biology: Module 3 (3 decks)

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