3.1 - diplomatic negotiations Flashcards
Give a timeline of events from 1973-81 regarding the development of diplomatic negotiation between Israel and Egypt (no details necessary)
October 1973
[] OPEC oil weapon used to stop the Yom Kippur War
November-December 1974
[] Kissinger’s shuttle diplomacy
January 1974-
[] Egypt + Israel agreed to pull back from the Suez Canal + allow UN peacekeepers to be installed in a DMZ between the two sides.
[] Egypt + Israel agreed to solve further conflict by peaceful negotiation
March 1974-
[] OPEC embargo on oil to US lifted in recognition of Kissinger’s/US efforts to establish peace in the Middle East
[] DMZ between Syria and Israel in the Golan Heights created
5 June 1975-
[] Suez Canal reopened
1976
[] Jimmy Carter becomes US president; first to openly say that Palestinians should have their own homeland
November 1977-
[] Sadat told the Egyptian assembly he would do anything to find peace, even if it meant going to the Knesset in Israel
[] Sadat visited Knesset and offered peace
December 1977
[] Menachem Begin visited Egyptian assembly to agree to open peace talks
1978-
[] Camp David Accords
[] joint Nobel Peace Prize for Begin and Sadat
March 1979-
[] Sadat + Begin sign Treaty of Washington
October 1981-
[] Sadat assassinated by Egyptian militants who believed he was a traitor to the Arabs and Palestinians
Describe the key features and significance of Henry Kissinger’s shuttle diplomacy from November of 1973 to December 1973 (technically continued until early 1974)
did heavy lifting of negotiation as neither side would talk directly to one another but were very willing to discuss with Kissinger-
[] Kissinger had a lot of pressure over Israel as relied heavily on US aid for success in Middle Eastern conflicts
[] Sadat needed to open the Suez Canal again to rebuild Egyptian economy via the toll money, and so was willing to anything bringing peace.
[] Syria was less willing to talk peace, as Assad didn’t want to lose face in the Arab world or lose the Syrian claim to the Golan Heights
shuttle diplomacy didn’t result in a permanent Middle Eastern peace settlement.
[] Egypt + Syria didn’t want to recognise Israel (3 Nos) and Israel didn’t want to remove the IDF from either Sinai or the Golan Heights.
[] despite tensions, significant peace progress made :
-showed the change in attitudes towards Israel the longer that conflict dragged on; mainly due to economic and financial strain on Arab nations that came from supporting the Palestinian cause via conflict with Israel.
-Kissinger succeeded in limited way, as got both Egypt and Israel to agree to draw back from the Suez Canal so that UN peacekeepers could be installed in a DMZ, and further Egyptian-Israeli conflict agreed to be resolved via talks.
[] PALESTINIANS NOT MENTIONED AT ALL DURING THESE AGREEMENTS; EGYPT FOCUSING MORE IN ITSELF AND LESS ON PALESTINIAN ISSUE (other Arab nations who were more outwardly pro-Palestinian could criticise Sadat for this just as Nasser had been criticised)
[] work could thus be started to reopen the Suez Canal, helping Egypt’s financial and economic stability
[] MASSIVE reason for Egypt’s increasing tolerance of Israel and diplomatic relations with the US, as was extremely important to the Egyptian economy - Cold War propaganda FOR US and USSR shown to start losing influence with Arab countries (war and conflict became decreasingly popular due to economic strain, -
[] showed Sadat to be less anti-Israeli than Nasser, viewed as a “traitor” by the Egyptian and Palestinian public in Egypt.
-resulted in the lift of the OPEC embargo for America, meaning its economy could slowly recover and become strong again.
Describe the significance of the establishment of a DMZ between Syria and the Golan Heights in March of 1974 as a result of Henry Kissinger’s shuttle diplomacy
-Syria was still strongly anti-Israeli, but showed a smidgen of openness to talks in future that could be coaxed out with further negotiation.
[] good for the US, as allowed further propaganda against the USSR’s lack of influence in the Middle East (Cold War-wise)
[] bad for Israel - meant US didn’t need to fund it as much if peace was established or diplomatic US-Arab relations were established
-meant further security against Palestinian guerrilla attacks from Syria as well as Syrian attacks on Israeli farms, settlements and tourist sites like the ski resort on Mount Hebron
[] good for Israelis - but bad for keeping Israel’s world sympathy (couldn’t play the victim or the defender as often in terms of Syria and Egypt),
good for Israeli economic prosperity and stability;
meant less military expenditure in part too (however conflicts with Lebanon negated this)
Which countries helped to clear the Suez Canal in 1974-75 and why is it significant ?
-USA
-Britain
-France
-ALL PART OF THE WEST AND STRONG ALLIES TO THE US/ISRAEL.
[] shows Sadat’s acceptance of Western help as well as working to establish positive relations with Israeli allies as well.
[] made Sadat look like traitor to Arabs and Palestinians who refused to recognise Israel or have peace with it according to the three Nos.
[] made US and West more likely to give Egypt further aid in future due to seeing that USSR losing influence (Cold War).
Describe why Begin was open to the exchange visits and then peace talks with Sadat in 1977
-USA was more consistently pressuring Israel for peace now.
[] making a show of working on achieving peace via these visits, working off of the process begun by Kissinger, would please the USA (reliant on US aid for survival).
-peace with Egypt would mean that Israel could turn its attention to other threats without the IDF being stretched thin.
[] PLO threat from Lebanon supported largely by the Lebanese due to economic boost brought with them - had mass power in South Lebanon nicknamed Fatahland where Palestinians even had some self-government (huge threat to Israel)
Describe the significance of the exchange visits in 1977
-exposed Sadat to risk of further criticism/accusations of being an Israeli ally/Arab traitor.
[] especially as he still went along with the peace talks when Israel failed to mention any change in policy towards Palestinians and establishing a Palestinian state.
[] HOWEVER did cause minute tensions and slowed peace talks once Sadat advocated for the Palestinians - shows that Sadat still cared for the Palestinian issue but wasn’t his primary focus
Describe the key events of the Camp David Accords
-both Begin and Sadat invited to Camp David (Carter’s secluded country retreat)
[] both accepted invitation BECAUSE NEEDED US FINANCIAL AID.
[] shows influence of the US as well as drop-off in Soviet influence in Egypt - Cold War win for US
Carter worked hard to create informal, friendly atmosphere by the two sides - initially
after 13 days of negotiation, 2 agreements reached (Framework for peace in the Middle East and Framework for Egyptian-Israeli Peace)
Describe the terms of the Framework for Peace in the Middle East
-Israel to accept rights of Palestinians
-Palestinians in West Bank and Gaza to elect their own council for 5 years - as soon as this done, -
-Israelis to withdraw from West Bank and Gaza
at the end of the 5 years, decision about rule in those areas in future to be made by Palestinians, Israel, Egypt and Jordan
Describe the terms of the Framework for Egyptian-Israeli Peace
-Israel and Egypt to be at peace
-Egypt to allow Israel’s use of the Suez Canal and Tiran Straits
-Israel to withdraw from Sinai within 3 years
-Egypt to receive $1 billion per year for 10 years from the USA
-Israel to receive $3 billion from the US to dismantle military bases and defences in Sinai
Describe the reactions to the Camp David Accords, March 1958
-Palestinians angry that they had not been consulted at all
[] condoned and legitimised the exclusion of Palestinian voices from their own future.
[] Framework for Peace in the Middle East was vague and didn’t outline what would happen for Palestinians outside of the West Bank and Gaza, what the “legitimate rights of Palestinians” meant and didn’t mention Jerusalem or Israeli occupation of the Golan Heights.
-UN rejected the Framework for Middle Eastern Peace as it had not been consulted.
-Arab nations renounced Sadat and threw Egypt out of the Arab League.
[] regarded as traitor for non-consultancy of Palestinians and acceptance of peace with Israel against the 3 Nos.
-many thought Carter was naïve for believing that Begin of all people would be willing to help Palestinians and thus weaken Israel
Sadat and Begin awarded joint Nobel Peace Prize 1978
Describe the terms of the Treaty of Washington, March 1979
-both Egypt and Israel to be in peace
-Egypt to allow Israeli use of the Suez Canal and
the Straits of Tiran
-Israel to withdraw from Sinai
-NO MENTION OF THE PALESTINIAN ISSUE AT ALL
Describe the significance of the Treaty of Washington March 1979
-Begin had peace with Egypt and could focus on Lebanese border threats from the PLO.
-Sadat had money and peace to rebuild Egypt
Palestinians even more furious; at least had been mentioned in the Camp David Accords
-even Egyptians hated Sadat for agreeing to peace with Israel
[] later assassinated in 1981
met with international approval of the peace
[] BECAUSE MEANT GREATER ECONOMIC STABILITY WORLDWIDE
