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aqa biology > 3.1 Biological Molecules | COMPLETE > Flashcards

3.1 Biological Molecules | COMPLETE Flashcards

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1
Q

3.1.1
what are monomers?

two examples

A

smaller units from which larger molecules are made from

glucose and amino acids

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2
Q

3.1.1
what are polymers?

two examples

A

molecules made from a large number of monomers joined together

polypeptides and cellulose

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3
Q

3.1.1
define monosaccharides

one example

A

single sugars which are monomers

glucose

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4
Q

3.1.1
name three monomers

A

monosaccharides
amino acids
nucleotides

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5
Q

3.1.1
what is a condensation reaction?

A

a reaction which joins two molecules together with the formation of a chemical bond and involves the elimination of a molecule of water

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6
Q

3.1.1
what is a hydrolysis reaction?

A

a reaction which breaks a chemical bond between two molecules and involves the use of a water molecule

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7
Q

3.1.2
what are monosaccharides?

give three examples

A

the monomers from which larger carbohydrates are made

glucose, galactose and fructose

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8
Q

3.1.2
what bond forms when two monosaccharides undergo a condensation reaction?

A

glycosidic bond

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9
Q

3.1.2
when are disaccharides formed?

A

in a condensation reaction between two monosaccharides

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10
Q

3.1.2
glucose + glucose = …

A

maltose

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11
Q

3.1.2
glucose + fructose = …

A

sucrose

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12
Q

3.1.2
glucose + galactose = …

A

lactose

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13
Q

3.1.2
what are the two isomers of glucose?

A

α-glucose

β-glucose

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14
Q

3.1.2
what is an isomer?

A

each of two or more compounds with the same formula but a different arrangement of atoms in the molecule and different properties

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15
Q

3.1.2
TRUE OR FALSE
α-glucose has the H atoms above the OH atoms

A

true

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16
Q

3.1.2
TRUE OR FALSE
β-glucose has the H atoms above the OH atoms

A

false
left H is above and right H is below

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17
Q

3.1.2
what is a polysaccharide and how are they formed?

two examples

A

a chain of monosaccharides

formed by the condensation reaction of many glucose units

glycogen and cellulose

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18
Q

3.1.2
what is the basic structure of glycogen?

A

bonds between carbons 1-4 and 1-6
branches
α-glucose
glycosidic bonds

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19
Q

3.1.2
what is the structure of cellulose?

A

β-glucose
every other molecule is inverted
glycosidic bond
hydrogen bonds
chains run parallel to each other

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20
Q

3.1.2
what is the biological test for reducing sugars?

A

add benedict’s solution
add to water bath for five minutes
brick red = positive

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21
Q

3.1.2
what is the biological test for non-reducing sugars?

A

failed benedict’s test
add hydrochloric acid and boil for five minutes
add equal parts sodium hydroxide to neutralise the solution
add benedict’s and add to a water bath for five minutes
brick red = positive

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22
Q

3.1.2
what is the biological test for starch?

A

add iodine
black = positive

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23
Q

3.1.2
what is the biological test for lipids?

A

add ethanol to sample
shake
add water to sample
shake
white emulsion = positive

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24
Q

3.1.3
what are the components of triglycerides?

A

one glycerol
three fatty acids

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25
Q

3.1.3
what elements are in triglycerides?

A

carbon
hydrogen
oxygen

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26
Q

3.1.3
describe a glycerol molecule

A

glycerol molecule:

’’’ H H H
‘ | | |
H - C - C - C - H
‘’’’ | | |
‘’’’ OH OH OH

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27
Q

3.1.3
what group do all fatty acids contain?

A

COOH

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28
Q

3.1.3
what type of reaction occurs to form a triglyceride?

A

condensation

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29
Q

3.1.3
what are the bonds in a triglyceride?

A

three ester bonds

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30
Q

3.1.3
TRUE OR FALSE
the R-group of a fatty acid is always saturated

A

FALSE
it can be both saturated or unsaturated

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31
Q

3.1.3
what does a phospholipid contain?

A

two fatty acids
one glycerol
one phosphate group

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32
Q

3.1.3
what are four similarities between triglycerides and phospholipids?

A

contain glycerol
both have fatty acids
made with carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
ester bonds

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33
Q

3.1.3
what are three differences between triglycerides and phospholipids?

A

tri = 3 fatty acids, phos = two fatty acids
tri = no phosphate group, phos = one phosphate group
tri = three ester bonds, phos = two ester bonds

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34
Q

3.1.3
what are the properties of a polar head of a phospholipid?

A

hydrophilic
glycerol and phosphate group

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35
Q

3.1.3
what are the properties of the fatty acid tails of a phospholipid?

A

hydrophobic
two fatty acid tails

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36
Q

3.1.4
what are amino acids?

A

monomers which proteins are made from

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37
Q

3.1.4
what is the general structure of an amino acid?

A

general structure :
R
|
H₂N – C – COOH
|
H

38
Q

3.1.4
what is NH₂?

A

amine group

39
Q

3.1.4
what is COOH?

A

carboxylic group

40
Q

3.1.4
what is R?

A

varied part of the amino acid

41
Q

3.1.4
what reaction between amino acids creates a polypeptide?

A

condensation

42
Q

3.1.4
TRUE OR FALSE
a functional protein may only contain one or more polypeptides

A

TRUE

43
Q

3.1.4
what bonds form between R-groups in amino acids?

A

disulphide
ionic

44
Q

3.1.4
how many different amino acids are there?

A

20

45
Q

3.1.4
what do the bonds in between the R-groups determine?

A

how the protein will fold

46
Q

3.1.4
how many stages/structures are there a protein can go through?

A

4

47
Q

3.1.4
what happens in the primary structure?

A

the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain is the primary structure
peptide bonds between amino acids
o-0-o-o-o-0-0-o-0-o-o-0-o-o-0

48
Q

3.1.4
what happens in the secondary structure?

A

the polypeptide chain coils to produce an alpha helix or fold to produce a beta pleated sheet
hydrogen bonds between amine group and carboxylic group of two amino acids

49
Q

3.1.4
what happens in the tertiary structure?

A

further folding produces a unique 3D shape
the shape is held in place by hydrogen, ionic and disulphide bonds between R-groups

50
Q

3.1.4
what happens in the quaternary structure?

A

NOT ALL PROTEINS HAVE THIS LEVEL

made of more than one polypeptide chain
it is folded into an unique 3D shape held by hydrogen, ionic and disulphide bonds

51
Q

3.1.4
name two examples of proteins with a quaternary structure?

A

collagen
haemoglobin

52
Q

3.1.4
what are the two types of proteins?

A

fibrous
globular

53
Q

3.1.4
what are the shape, function, solubility of fibrous proteins?

give two examples

A

long and thin
structural function
insoluble

keratin and collagen

54
Q

3.1.4
what are the shape, function, solubility of globular proteins?

give two examples

A

spherical
biochemical function
soluble

haemoglobin and enzymes

55
Q

3.1.5
what does DNA stand for?

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

56
Q

3.1.5
what does RNA stand for?

A

ribonucleic acid

57
Q

3.1.5
what is the difference between roles of DNA and RNA?

A

DNA holds genetic information

RNA transfers genetic information from DNA to the ribosomes

58
Q

3.1.5
what are ribosomes formed from?

A

RNA and proteins

59
Q

3.1.5
what monomer makes up DNA and RNA?

A

nucleotides

60
Q

3.1.5
what is a nucleotide made up of?

A

pentose sugar
phosphate group
nitrogen-containing base

61
Q

3.1.5
what are the bases for DNA?

A

adenine
cytosine
guanine
thymine

62
Q

3.1.5
what are the bases for RNA?

A

adenine
cytosine
guanine
uracil

63
Q

3.1.5
what reaction produces DNA?

A

condensation reaction

64
Q

3.1.5
what bond is between two nucleotides?

A

phosphodiester bond

65
Q

3.1.5
what part does phosphodiester bonds form between?

A

phosphate group
base

66
Q

3.1.5
what are the differences between DNA and RNA?

A

DNA
> double helix/strands
> complimentary base pairs
> A,T,C,G
> longer
> stores genetic information

RNA
> single helix/strand
> nucleobases
> A,U,C,G
> shorter
> carries small parts of genetic info to ribosomes

67
Q

3.1.5.2
describe the process of semi-conservative replication?

A

> DNA helicase hydrolyses the hydrogen bonds between the base pairs in the two strands within a double helix
the double helix unwinds and separates
each of the separated parental DNA strands acts as a template
free floating nucleotides within the nucleus are attracted by the complementary base pairs on the template strands
the adjacent nucleotides are joined together to form a phosphodiester bond by a condensation reaction
DNA polymerase catalyses the joining together of adjacent nucleotides
the two sets of daughter DNA contains one newly synthesised strand and one strand from the parental DNA

68
Q

3.1.5.2
describe the Meselson-Stahl study?

A

> grew E-coli on a 15N medium
then placed the E-coli on a 14N medium
in each generation they collected a sample and measured the density using a centrifuge
15N would go to the bottom and 14N would go to the top after centrifugation
after generation one: conservative replication was dismissed because there was NOT two lines after centrifugation
after generation two: dispersive replication was dismissed because there was two lines and not one big chunk

69
Q

3.1.5.2
what were the three theories of how DNA replicates and what they formed?

A

semi-conservative - half old, half new DNA strand
conservative - entirely new DNA helix
dispersive - patchworks of old and new DNA

70
Q

3.1.5.2
who theorised how DNA replicates?

A

Watson and Crick

71
Q

3.1.5.2
what is the name of how DNA replicates?

A

semi-conservative replication

72
Q

3.1.6
what does ATP stand for?

A

adenosine triphosphate

73
Q

3.1.6
TRUE OR FALSE
ATP is a nucleotide
derivative

A

TRUE

74
Q

3.1.6
what makes up ATP?

A

ribose sugar
three inorganic phosphates
adenine

75
Q

3.1.6
what makes a molecule inorganic?

A

if no carbon is present

76
Q

3.1.6
how is energy stored in ATP?

A

in the bonds between the second and third phosphate ions

77
Q

3.1.6
what is the ATP cycle?

A

the last phosphate ion of ATP is hydrolysed by ATP-Hydrolase
energy is released
this produces ADP+Pi
ATP-Synthase then joins them back together

78
Q

3.1.7
list the five properties of water and why they are important

A

metabolite -> used in chemical reactions

high specific heat capacity -> buffers temperature changes to keep temperature stable

solvent -> reactions can occur and substances can dissolve to be transported

large latent heat of vaporisation -> provides a cooling effect (sweating)

cohesion -> transport water in a continuous column (in xylem)

79
Q

3.1.7
TRUE OR FALSE
water is a metabolite in many metabolic reactions, including
condensation and hydrolysis reactions

A

TRUE

80
Q

3.1.7
FILL IN THE GAPS
water has a relatively ____ heat capacity, buffering changes in
___________

A

high
temperature

81
Q

3.1.7
where do the hydrogen bonds form between water molecules?

A

O–H

82
Q

3.1.7
name the charges of a water molecule

A

O = delta minus
H2 = delta positive

83
Q

3.1.7
why is it a good thing water has strong cohesion between water molecules?

A

supports columns of water in the tube-like transport cells of plants

produces surface tension where water meets air

84
Q

3.1.7
water makes up around ___% of a cell’s contents

A

80%

85
Q

3.1.7
does water have strong or weak cohesion between water molecules?

A

strong

86
Q

3.1.8
where do inorganic ions occur?

A

in solutions (in the cytoplasm and body fluids)

87
Q

3.1.8
name four inorganic ions

A

Iron ions Fe2+​
Sodium ions Na+​
Phosphate ions PO4 3-​
Hydrogen ions H+

88
Q

3.1.8
what are phosphate ions used in?
(four)

A

DNA and RNA
ATP
Phosphorylates other molecules making them more reactive​
Hydrophilic part of phospholipid bilayer

89
Q

3.1.8
what are iron ions used in?
(one)

A

haemoglobin

90
Q

3.1.8
what are hydrogen ions used in?
(two)

A

affect on pH and enzymes​
chemiosmosis in respiration and photosynthesis​

91
Q

3.1.8
what are sodium ions used in?
(three)

A

Co-transport​

Affect osmosis​

Role in action potentials in neurones.​

aqa biology (9 decks)

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