Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > 3.1 Biological Molecules > Flashcards

3.1 Biological Molecules Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a monomer?

A

A molecule that combines to make a polymer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is a polymer?

A

A large molecule made of repeating subunits/monomers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is a hydrolysis reaction?

A

Breaking down a larger molecule into smaller molecules by adding water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is a condensation reaction?

A

Two molecules combine to make a larger molecule by losing a water molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is polymerisation?

A

The building up of polymers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What elements does a carbohydrate contain?

A

Contains Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Give two examples of a monosaccharide

A

Glucose
Fructose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Give three examples of a disaccharide

A

Maltose
Sucrose
Lactose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Give three examples of a polysaccharide

A

Starch
Glycogen
Cellulose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is a monosaccharide?

A

A single sugar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How is a ring structure formed from glucose?

A

When glucose forms a ring, carbon 1 joins to the oxygen on carbon 5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How is a ring structure formed from pentose or hexose?

A

Pentose and hexose are long enough to close up on themselves to form a more stable ring structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is isomerism?

A

Compounds with the same chemical formula but different structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Why are isomers important?

A

Different structures determine different properties

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Name the two isomers of glucose

A

Alpha glucose
Beta glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How are disaccharides formed?

A

Formed from a condensation reaction between two monosaccharides, joined together by glycosidic bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is produced from two alpha glucose molecules?

A

Maltose + Water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is produced from alpha glucose and galactose?

A

Lactose + Water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is produced from alpha glucose and fructose?

A

Sucrose + Water

20
Q

How are polysaccharides formed?

A

Repeated condensation reactions between many monosaccharides, forms lots of glycosidic bonds

21
Q

What is starch made up of?

A

Straight chained alpha amylose and branched amylopectin

22
Q

What is the structure of amylopectin?

A

Alpha glucose molecules with 1,4 glycosidic bonds and 1,6 glycosidic bonds every 24-30 units

23
Q

Why is it advantageous that amylopectin is highly branched?

A

Allows compounds to easily be hydrolysed to release glucose monomers

24
Q

Why do glycosidic bonds make starch an ideal energy store compound?

A

Produce twisted chains that give them a compact shape so they can be stored in a small space
Insoluble in water

25
Q

What is glycogen?

A

A carbohydrate stored in animal cells

26
Q

How does glycogen differ from starch?

A

Linked glucose shorter and has a more highly branched structure than starch

27
Q

Why is a branched structure important?

A

Branching allows for a fast breakdown of molecules during respiration

28
Q

How is glycogen adapted?

A

Has more ends, which enzymes can start hydrolysis from

29
Q

What is cellulose made up of?

A

Beta glucose molecules

30
Q

What is the structure of cellulose?

A

Each alternate glucose molecule flips 180° to allow bonding of hydroxyl groups

31
Q

How does cellulose get its stability?

A

Chains run parallel forming microfibrils, which are strengthened with cross-linkages (hydrogen bonds)

32
Q

What is the function of cellulose?

A

Gives strength and support to cell wall

33
Q

How are substances transported through cellulose?

A

Space between fibrils allow water and mineral ions to pass through
Sometimes gaps are blocked by suberin making it waterproof

34
Q

Where are microfibrils found?

A

Embedded into the framework of other substances such as hemicellulose and pectins

35
Q

What is the function of lipids?

A

Hormones
Energy Store (respire to release ATP)
Protection
Membranes
Insulation

36
Q

How are lipids a form of protection?

A

Insoluble so prevent osmotic changes

37
Q

What elements do lipids contain?

A

Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen

38
Q

What are triglycerides made up of?

A

A glycerol molecule and three fatt7 acids

39
Q

How are triglycerides formed?

A

Three condensation reactions to produce a triglyceride and three water molecules

40
Q

What are the two types of fatty acids?

A

Saturated and Unsaturated

41
Q

What is a saturated fatty acid?

A

Has no double bonds between carbons

42
Q

What is an unsaturated fatty acid?

A

Has at least one double bond between carbons, which causes the chain to kink

43
Q

What are the properties of triglycerides?

A

Energy Store
Contains twice as much (chemical) energy as carbohydrates
Insoluble

44
Q

What are phospholipids made up of?

A

A glycerol molecule and two fatty acids, covalently bonded together

45
Q

What are the properties of phospholipids?

A

Cell Membranes (Phospholipid Bilayer)
Controls what enters/leaves cell

46
Q

How is a bilayer formed?

A

Phospholipid heads are hydrophilic and face towards water, fatty acid tails are hydrophobic and face away from water
For a double layer with heads on outside

47
Q

Why is it difficult for substances to pass through phospholipid bilayer?

A

The centre is hydrophobic, so substances can’t easily pass through

Biology (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions