3.1 ATP Flashcards
What is ATP?
Nucleotide
What enzyme hydrolyses the terminal bond?
ATPase
Which bond is bond is hydrolysed?
Terminal
How is ATP reformed?
Phosphorylation
ATP=
ADP + Pi
What reaction makes ATP?
Condensation
What is ATP made of?
3 Phosphate groups, ribose sugar and an organic base (Adenosine)
Where ATP synthesis takes place?
Internal membrane of mitochondria
What protons must pass through
ATP synthetase
Where ATP synthetase is found?
Within stalked particles
What the flow of protons generates?
Electrochemical gradient
What electrochemical gradient drives?
Phosphorylation of ADP
Process of ATP synthesis is called?
Chemiosmosis
Chemiosmosis
Flow of protons down an electrochemical gradient, through ATP synthetase which provides the potential energy necessary to synthesise ATP by phosphorylation
Where do protons flow in Mitochondria
From Inter membrane space into matrix
Where do protons flow in Chloroplasts
Across the thylakoid space into the stroma
Parts of the chloroplast
Thylakoid space
Stalked particles containing ATP synthetase
Outer membrane ]thylakoid membrane
Stroma
Parts of mitochondria
Inter membrane space
Matrix
Crista
Outer membrane
Stalked particles containing ATP synthetase
Where in chloroplasts are (Protons are pumped across a membrane by proton pumps fuelled by electron energy)
Thylakoid Membrane
Where in chloroplasts (A high concentration of protons (hydrogen ions) build up)
Thylakoid space
Where in chloroplasts (Protons flow down a concentration gradient to provide energy for ATP synthesis)
stalked particles contains ATP synthetase
Where in chloroplasts (Free electrons are taken up by a final electron acceptor)
Stroma
Where in mitochondria (Protons are pumped across a membrane by proton pumps fuelled by electron energy)
Crista
Where in mitochondria (A high concentration of protons (hydrogen ions) build up)
Intermembrane space
Where in mitochondria (Protons flow down a concentration gradient to provide energy for ATP synthesis)
Stalked particles containing ATP synthetase
Where in mitochondria (Free electrons are taken up by a final electron acceptor)
matrix
Where is the electron transport chain located?
Inner membrane of mitochondria or thylakoid membrane
What creates a proton gradient in the ETC?
Proton pumps and electron carriers alternate
Explain the ETC
High energy electrons pass from electron carriers which provides energy to drive the proton pumps
Protons are pumped into the space between the membranes
Gradient allows protons to pass back into the matrix via ATP synthetase
Electrochemical gradient provides the energy needed for the phosphorylation of ADP to from ATP
Chemiosmosis
Energy cannot be…
Destroyed or created
Where chemical energy is stored
Food substances
What green plants convert light energy into
Chemical energy
2 parts of metabolism
Catabolic and Anabolic
What catabolic metabolism does
Breaks down
What anabolic metabolism does
Builds up
What metabolic processses require
Energy
What ATP acts as in living cells
Energy carrier
What is ATP referred to as
The universal energy currency
Where is energy stored
High energy bonds between phosphate groups
Energy is required to combine ADP and phosphate to form ATP
Endergonic reactionv
Energy is rereleased when ATP is broken down to ADP and Pi
Exergonic reaction
ATP is produced in 2 sets of reactions
Photosynthesis and Respiration
Advantages of using ATP as an energy carrier
Only one enzyme needed to break/combine
30.5kj mol-1 released so less energy wasted
Energy release is controlled
Substrate level phosphorylation
A donor molecule will donate a phosphate group
Oxidative Phosphylation
Occurs in the ETC
Energy for synthesising ATP comes from a series of redox reactions
