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chemistry A1 physical > 3.1 Atomic structure > Flashcards

3.1 Atomic structure Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the charge of a proton

A

+1

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2
Q

what is the mass of a proton

A

1

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3
Q

what is the charge of a neutron

A

0

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4
Q

what is the mass of a neutron

A

1

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5
Q

what is the charge of an electron

A

-1

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6
Q

what is the relative mass of a electron

A

very small
1/1800
negligible

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7
Q

what composes an atom

A

proton
neutron
electron `

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8
Q

what is the mass number

A

the total number of protons and neutrons in an atom

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9
Q

what is found within the nucleus

A

protons
neutrons

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10
Q

what is the atomic number

A

the number of protons in the nucleus.
+ number of electrons

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11
Q

how is mass number represented by

A

A

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12
Q

how is the atomic number represented as

A

Z

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13
Q

how do you find the number of neutrons in an atom

A

mass number [A] - atomic number[Z]

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14
Q

what are isotopes

A

atoms with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons

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15
Q

why do isotopes have similar chemical properties

A

they have the same electronic structure

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16
Q

why do isotopes have varying physical properties

A

they have different masses

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17
Q

define Relative Isotopic Mass

A

the mass off an atom of an isotope compared to 1/12 of the mass of one atom of carbon-12

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18
Q

define relative atomic mass

A

the average mass of an atom of an element compared to 1/12 of the mass of carbon-12

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19
Q

define relative molecular mass

A

the average mass of a molecule compared to 1/12 of the mass of one atom of carbon-12

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20
Q

what does the mass spectrometry provide

A

-gives information about relative isotopic mass
- relative abundance of isotopes

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21
Q

what are the stages of the time of flight mass spectrometry

A
  • Ionisation
  • Acceleration
  • Ion drift
  • ion detection (data analysis)
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22
Q

what is the process of ionisation

A

turns an atom into an ion

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23
Q

what 2 ways can we ionise an atom

A

electron impact
electrospray ionisation

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24
Q

what occurs during electron impact

A

high energy electrons are fired from an electron gun at sample.
This knocks out an outer electron
and forms a positive ion.

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25
Q

what state is the sample in

A

vapourised

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26
Q

what does electron impact do to a molecule

A

fragmentation

27
Q

what is electrospray ionisation

A
  • the sample is dissolved in a volatile solvent.
  • This is injected through a fine needle giving a mist.
  • Tip of needle has a high voltage
  • Sample gains a proton
28
Q

what is the kinetic energy of the ions when they go through the acceleration

A

they have constant kinetic energy

29
Q

how and why do ions accelerate

A

the plates have a negative charge
the ions accelerate by an electrical field

30
Q

what type of particle has the fastest velocuty

A

lightest particle

31
Q

when the ions accelerates what does it gain

A

it gains speed and kinetic energy

32
Q

what is ion drift

A

when the ions drift down the flight tube within a vaccum

33
Q

what is ion detection

A

when the ion hits the detector
- an electron is picked up
- electric current is created

34
Q

what does the size of the electric current suggest when the ion hits the metal plates ?

A

the size of the current is proportional to the abundance of the species

35
Q

what is the nuclear charge

A

the collective charge of all protons in the nucleus

36
Q

what does a high nuclear charge mean to the electrons

A

the electrons are more attracted to the nucleus

37
Q

what is the trend in the nuclear charge across a period

A

it increases

38
Q

what is the trend in the nuclear charge down a group

A

the nuclear charge increases down the group

39
Q

what happens to the atomic radius when the nuclear charge increases

A

the atomic radius decreses

40
Q

why does the atomic radius decrease when the nuclear charge increases

A

the shells are closer

41
Q

what is the relationship between the nucleus and the electrons suggest

A

the greater the distance between the electron and the nucleus
the weaker the forces of attraction

41
Q

what happens when the number of shells increases

A
  • the shielding increases
42
Q

what is the overall trend in the shielding across a period

A

the shielding stays the same across a period

43
Q

what is the overall trend in shielding down a period

A

theres more shielding
and the number of electron energy levels increases

44
Q

what is the definition of ionisation energy

A

the enthalpy change when one mole of gaseous atoms form one mole of gaseous 1+ ions.
And electrons are removed

45
Q

what is the trend in ionisation energy down the group

A
  • decreases down he group
  • cause the attraction between the outer electrons and nucleus decreases
46
Q

why does the attraction between the outer electron and nucleus decrease with the ionisation energy.

A
  • electrons are further away from the nucleus
  • more shielding due to the no. of shells
47
Q

what is the trend in ionisation energy across a period

A
  • increases across the period
  • attraction between outer electrons and nucleus increases
48
Q

why does the attraction between the outer electron and nucleus increase for the ionisation energy across a period

A
  • the nuclear charge increases
  • shielding stays the same
49
Q

why is the ionisation energy of aluminium lower than the ionisation energy of magnesium

A

-magnesiums outer electron is in the 3s subshell
-Aluminiums outer electron is in the 3p subshell
:. increased shielding and further distance from the nucleus

50
Q

explain why the ionisation energy of sulphur is lower than that of phosphorus

A

there is an electron pair in the 3p orbital
so there is greater repulsion
:. less energy is needed to remove the electrons

51
Q

Explain why the 2nd IE of chlorine is higher than the first IE of chlorine

A

the 2nd IE of Cl+
is largeer than the 1st IE cause an electron is rremoved from a positive ion which requires more energy

52
Q

give two reasons why the isotopes are ionised before they can be analysed in a TOT mass spectromemeter. [2 marks]

A

-so that the ions are accelerated by an electric field towards the negatively charged plates
-ions create a current when the hit the detector, by picking up an electron

53
Q

basically the debiaitons are the same for periods 2 and 3 in correspondance to the position.
for example the deviaitions of Be and b are the same as the ones of Mg and Al. just swap the 3p orbital to like a 2p orbital.
The deviations of N and O is the same as the ones for P and S

A
54
Q

what is the unit for mass in the moles equation

A

grams

54
Q

what is the unit for mass in the TOF equation

A

kg

55
Q

how are ions detected

A

+ve ions collide with the detector which causes a current to flow

56
Q

what is ionisation energy

A

The energy required to remove 1 mole of electrons from 1 mole of gaseous atoms to form 1 mole of gaseous 1+ ions.

57
Q

how is abundance is measured

A

abundance is dependant on the current. its proportional

58
Q

what deflects the ion

A

a magnet

59
Q

what is adjusted in order to direct ions of different mass to charge ratio onto the detector

A

a magnetic field

60
Q

name the equipment used to measure the relative abundance of istopes

A

mass spectrometer

61
Q
A

chemistry A1 physical (5 decks)

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