3.1 Assessment Study Guide

Question 1

apoptosis

Answer 1

The changes that occur within a cell as it undergoes programmed cell death, which is brought about by signals that trigger the activation of a cascade of suicide proteins in the cell destined to die.

Question 2

biopsy

Answer 2

The removal and examination of tissue, cells, or fluids from the living body.

Question 3

bone scan

Answer 3

A test that detects areas of increased or decreased bone metabolism; test is performed to identify abnormal processes involving the bone such as tumor, infection, or fracture.

Question 4

cancer

Answer 4

A malignant tumor of potentially unlimited growth that expands locally and systemically.

Question 5

cell cycle

Answer 5

An ordered sequence of events in the life of a eukaryotic cell, from its origin in the division of a parent cell until its own division into two.

Question 6

CT/CAT scan

Answer 6

A sectional 3-dimensional view of the body constructed by computed tomography.

Question 7

Diagnostic Imaging

Answer 7

Technologies that doctors use to look inside your body for clues about a medical condition; includes X-rays, CT scans, nuclear medicine scans, MRI scans and ultrasound.

Question 8

DNA Microarray

Answer 8

A microarray of immobilized single-stranded DNA fragments of known nucleotide sequence that is used especially in the identification and sequencing of DNA samples and in the analysis of gene expression (as in a cell or tissue).

Question 9

MRI

Answer 9

A noninvasive diagnostic technique that produces computerized images of internal body tissues and is based on nuclear magnetic resonance of atoms within the body induced by the application of radio waves.

Question 10

Oncogene

Answer 10

A gene having the potential to cause a normal cell to become cancerous.

Question 11

osteosarcoma

Answer 11

A cancer derived from bone or containing bone tissue.

Question 12

Proto-oncogene

Answer 12

A normal cellular gene corresponding to an oncogene; a gene with a potential to cause cancer but that requires some alteration to become an oncogene.

Question 13

radiology

Answer 13

A branch of medicine concerned with the use of radiant energy (as X-rays or ultrasound) in the diagnosis and treatment of disease.

Question 14

risk factor

Answer 14

Something which increases risk or susceptibility.

Question 15

Tumor Suppressor Gene

Answer 15

A gene whose protein products inhibit cell division, thereby preventing uncontrolled cell growth (cancer).

Question 16

x-ray

Answer 16

To examine, treat, or photograph with X-rays.

Question 17

What fundamental characteristics do all cancers have in common?

Answer 17

proto-oncogenes
tumor suppressor genes like p53
undergo morphological changes and vary in shape

Question 18

In what ways are diagnostic imaging technologies used to diagnose and treat disorders?

Answer 18

help narrow the causes of an injury or illness and ensure that the diagnosis is accurate.

Question 19

What do DNA microarrays measure?

Answer 19

the number and
amount of genes turned on and off in cancer cells vs. normal cells

Question 20

How is DNA microarray technology used to determine the differences in gene expression between different tissue samples?

Answer 20

Red – The genes are only on in cancer cells
Yellow – The genes are on in cancer and normal cells
Black – The genes are not on in either cells
Green – The genes are only on in normal cells

Question 21

Explain how lifestyle, heredity, and age can contribute to the probability that a person can develop cancer.

Answer 21

lifestyle - smoking/working with dangerous chemicals can lead to lung cancer, exposure to sun can lead to melanoma
heredity - if family has a history of cancer, there is a higher chance of developing
age - cells get damaged over time which can lead to cancer

Question 22

how can an MRI be used to detect cancer

Answer 22

uses magnets to produce detailed cross-sectional
views of soft body tissue to identify diseases.

Question 23

how can an Xray be used to detect cancer

Answer 23

uses radiation to view broken bones, lung
diseases, and digestive system

Question 24

how can a CT scan be used to detect cancer

Answer 24

uses multiple X-rays in a tube to produce
cross-sectional views of bone and soft tissue, like organs

Question 25

how can a bone scan be used to detect cancer

Answer 25

Add radioactive tracers that are soaked up
by the bone to produce full skeletal view to identify abnormal bone growth

Question 26

How are the similarities of gene expression patterns between different individuals calculated?

Answer 26

We use correlation coefficients
If there is a positive correlation then both of the genes are behaving in the same way
If there is a negative correlation then the genes are behaving in opposite ways (one is on and the other is off)

Correlation of 1 = gene expression is identical

Correlation of 0 = no correlation

Question 27

what cancer does mike smith have

Answer 27

osteosarcoma

Question 28

describe how to interpret a DNA microarray

Answer 28

they tell us the relative intensity of the gene expression because there will be varying shades of the colors.
The bright red would be a high expression of the gene in cancer cells,
where as the dark red would be a low expression.
The same would be true for the yellow and the green

Question 29

Explain why tumor suppressor genes like p53 are so important

Answer 29

Tumor-Suppressor Genes control cell division by telling the cell to stop dividing.
Example is the p53 gene which triggers apoptosis if there is a mutation. It also
activates DNA repair enzymes to repair any mutations and halts the cell cycle so no copies of the cell are made with the mutation.

Question 30

Describe the characteristics of cancer cells grown in vitro.

Answer 30

do not exhibit contact inhibition. Once
cancer cells cover the surface of the dish, the cells will continue dividing and pile up on top of each other.