3.1/3.2 radiation health effects I&II Flashcards
to describe the health effects of exposure to ionizing radiation, what 3 things must we define?
- absorbed dose
- equivalent dose
- effective dose
what is the largest man-made source of radiation exposure to general population worldwide?
the radiation exposure from diagnostic X-rays
man-made exposure contributes ___% of total annual exposure from all sources
14
why is the concept of exposure significant?
because although diagnostic x-rays provide great benefits, their use involves some small risk of developing cancer
what is exposure (or exposure dose)?
- the method of measuring the amount of ionization in air
- measures the ratio of the total charge produced (of, electrons for example) in a small volume of air
what is the unit of exposure for air?
- Coulombs per kilogram (C/kg)
- Röntgen
(1R = 2.58 x 10^-4 C/kg)
what does exposure ONLY apply to?
X-rays and γ-rays (photons)
as a measure of radiation damage, exposure has been superseded by the concept of
absorbed dose
what is absorbed dose?
a quantity that better describes the effects on radiation on materials/human beings
what is the SI unit of absorbed dose?
the gray (Gy)
what is absorbed dose equivalent to?
- the absorption of one joule of energy in a kilogram of a substance by ionizing radiation
- (or amount of energy that is absorbed to the mass (matter) to the human body)
- (1 Gy = 1 J/kg)
since the Gray is a large unit, for radiation protection purposes, it is more common to use ____ and ____
- microgray (μGy) - (1 x 10^-6)
- milligray (mGy) - (1 x 10^-3)
what is KERMA?
- KINETIC ENERGY RELEASED IN MEDIUM
- when a photon beam interacts with a medium, the photon interactions release electrons with KE into the medium
the energy deposited by these electrons per unit mass is the?
absorbed dose
what is the unit for KERMA?
- joule per kilogram (same as absorbed dose)
when is KERMA dose equal to absorbed dose, and when is it different?
- different doses at high energies (up to 1 MeV)
- doses are roughly equal at low energies
_____ is energy released, and _____ is energy absorbed
KERMA, absorbed dose
what allows the effect of radiation exposure on human tissue to be determined?
equivalent dose
what do we use equivalent dose for?
to relate the absorbed dose in human tissue to the effective biological damage of ionizing radiation