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Crim Unit 4 > 3.1 > Flashcards

3.1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 roles of the criminal justice system?

A
  1. Police
  2. CPS
  3. Judiciary
  4. Prisons
  5. NPS
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2
Q

What are the police’s 4 aims and objectives?

A
  1. Law enforcement
  2. Crime prevention
  3. Protecting life and property
  4. Investigation
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3
Q

How are the police funded?

A

Government (home office) via taxation
2023/24 = £17.2 billion

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4
Q

What is the police’s philosophy?

A

“Peelian Principles”, established by Sir Robert Peel

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5
Q

What is the police’s 4 working practice?

A
  1. Work alongside communities - conduct patrols
  2. Respond to emergency and non-emergency calls
  3. Investigate crimes - interview suspects, victims, and witnesses, arrest suspects
  4. Prepare cases for prosecution
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6
Q

What is the police’s reach?

A

43 territorial police forces - regional
Specialist units and partnerships with other agencies - national

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7
Q

What are 3 strengths and 3 weaknesses of the police?

A

+1. Community policing - reduce antisocial behaviour by 32%
+2. Specialist units - 2017 London Bridge attack (counter terrorism unit) swift response prevented further casualties
+3. Emergency response - 24/7 emergency response team, 15 mins for urgent calls

-1. Budget and staffing cuts - 20% budget and 20,000 lost jobs
-2. Dropping investigations / prioritisation - 77% of burglary cases dropped in 2021
-3. Racism and bias - eg, stop and search

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8
Q

How does the police achieve social control?

A

Internal
- enforcing laws and apprehending offenders reinforces social norms, helping offenders internalise social rules

External
- visible presence deters crime due to fear of punishment
- arresting and detaining offenders acts as a physical coercion

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9
Q

What is the CPSs 4 aims and objectives?

A
  1. Delivering justice
  2. Maintaining independence
  3. Public confidence
  4. Victim and witness support
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10
Q

How are the CPS funded?

A

Government (attorney general) via taxation
2022/23 = £763 million

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11
Q

What is the CPSs philosophy?

A

Focusing on retribution for victims

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12
Q

What is the CPSs working practices?

A

Prosecute using the full code test, advise the police on charging, prepare cases for court, and support victims and witnesses

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13
Q

What is the CPSs reach?

A

14 geographical locations plus 1 virtual division (CPS direct)

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14
Q

What are 3 strengths and 3 weaknesses of CPS?

A

+1. Independent - fairness, no bias
+2. Availability - 15 areas
+3. Victim and witness support - victims Right to Review Scheme

-1. Unsuccessful prosecutions - in 2019/20 1.6% of rape cases resulted in a charge
-2. Budget cuts - 25% cuts
-3. Delayed justice - COVID = 60,000 cases outstanding by 2022

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15
Q

How does the CPS achieve social control?

A

Internal
- enforce societal norms by prosecuting criminal cases
- internalisation of social rules and conformity is promoted through prosecution as well

External
- prosecuting offenders acts as a individual and general deterrence

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16
Q

What is the judiciary’s 4 aims and objectives?

A
  1. Adjudicating cases
  2. Protecting rights
  3. Interpreting legislation
  4. Sentencing offenders
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17
Q

How is the judiciary funded?

A

Government (Ministry of Justice) via taxation
2023/24 = £11.5 billion

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18
Q

What is the judiciary’s philosophy?

A

Independence, impartiality, rule of law

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19
Q

What is the judiciary’s working practices?

A

Oversee trials, ensure fairness, guide jury, rule on legal points, pass sentences, decide appeals in higher courts

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20
Q

What is the judiciary’s reach?

A

70+ crown courts and 150+ magistrates courts handle local cases

Court of appeal and Supreme Court handle cases of national importance

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21
Q

What are 3 strengths and 3 weaknesses of the judiciary?

A

+1. Independence - ensure fairness and impartiality
+2. Consistency - 75%+ in 2019 adhered closely to the guidelines
+3. Expertise and legal knowledge - expert candidates are selected and then go through further training

-1. Unduly lenient sentencing - in 2021 151 cases referred to unduly lenient sentence scheme where 106 were increased
-2. Lacking representation - 34% women and 8% black, Asian
-3. Limited availability and backlogs - 65,000+ backlogged cases in 2023 due to judiciary sitting days being capped

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22
Q

How does the judiciary achieve social control?

A

Internal
- helps offenders internalise social rules through fair trials, applying the law, and imposing appropriate sentences on offenders

External
- individual and general deterrence through sentencing
- physical coercion (custodial sentence)

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23
Q

What are the prison services’ 5 aims and objectives?

A
  1. Public protection
  2. Punishment and retribution
  3. Rehabilitation
  4. Deterrence
  5. Justice
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24
Q

How is the prison service funded?

A

Government (ministry of justice) via taxation
Average cost of a prison place is £51,000 per year

25
What is the prison services’ philosophy?
Balancing public protection with offender rehabilitation
26
What is the prison services’ philosophy?
Balancing public protection with offender rehabilitation
27
What is the reach of the prison service?
122 prisons - 105 government run - 17 privately run
28
What are 3 strengths and 3 weaknesses of the prison service?
+1. Incapacitation - prison population of 88,000 in 2023 (public protection) +2. Fear of punishment - individual and general +3. Rehabilitation - eg, Ryan Herbet -1. Overcrowding - prison population increased by 80% in last 30 years -2. Budget and staffing cuts - budget = 22% and staff = 15% -3. Universities of crime - criminality in individual increases after prison (exposure of “hardened” criminals)
29
How does the prison services achieve social control?
Internal - rehabilitate offenders to help them internalise social rules to become law abiding citizens which encourages conformity External - prison acts as a individual and general deterrence - high risk offenders are locked in their cell for 23 hours a day is physical coercion so they cannot harm others
30
What is the NPSs 4 aims and objectives?
1. Rehabilitation 2. Supervision and monitoring 3. Public protection 4. Support services
31
How is the NPS funded?
Government (ministry of justice) via taxation
32
What is the NPSs philosophy?
Balance public protection with offender rehabilitation
33
What is the NPSs working practices?
Risk assessments, pre-sentence reports, supervise offenders on license (30,000 per year), MAPPA
34
What is the NPSs reach?
12 NPS regions, 30,000 offenders each year
35
What are the 3 strengths and 3 weaknesses of the NPS?
+1. Addressing root causes - 40% less likely to reoffend if the offender goes through rehabilitation +2. Lowering recidivism - 25% decrease using intervention plans tailored to the individual offender +3. Collaborating with other agencies - through MAPPA -1. Budget cuts and low availability - 1 in 6 drug users on probation are regularly tested, 43% offenders on license are not in rehabilitation programmes -2. Understaffing and failures in risk management - loss of 1700 officers, average case load increase of 20% per officer -3. Failed privatisation - in 2024 22 community rehabilitation companies supervised low risk offenders, 19/21 failed to meet their target (this ended by 2020)
36
How does the NPS achieve social control?
Internal - help offenders internalise rules External - fear of punishment individual (if they do not conform, further punishment is given) - non violent coercion (monitoring offenders) - physical coercion (rearrest if conditions are breached)
37
What are the 5 examples of CJS charities and pressures groups?
1. Howard League for Penal Reform 2. Prison Reform Trust 3. NACRO 4. Victim Support 5. The Clink
38
What is the Howard league for penal reform’s 3 aims and objectives?
1. Reduce the use of prisons 2. Improving rehabilitation and reformation 3. Influencing policy and legislation
39
What is the Howard league for penal reform’s philosophy?
1. Rehabilitation over punishment 2. Humane treatment and human rights 3. Community-based solutions
40
What is the Howard league for penal reform’s working practices?
1. Advocacy and policy development 2. Legal support 3. Education and public awareness campaigns
41
What 2 campaigns are associated with the Howard league for penal reform and what are they?
1. “Books for prisoners” campaign: Is a response to a government policy that restricted prisoners from receiving books sent by families and friends. They argued that access to books is essential for education, rehabilitation, and mental well-being. 2. “The citizenship and crime project”: Aimed at teaching primary and secondary school students about crime and the CJS. They encourage young people to explore causes and consequences of crime and learn about the role of the CJS. They have reached over 22,000 children aged 10 to 16.
42
What are the 3 aims and objectives of the prison reform trust?
1. Reducing the prison population 2. Improving prison conditions 3. Challenging discrimination
43
What is the philosophy of the prison reform trust?
Justice, equality, rehabilitation
44
What is the working practices of the prison reform trust?
1. Research prison conditions and welfare 2. Educate the public 3. Provides recommendations to improve policies and practices within the CJS
45
What 2 campaigns are linked with the prison reform trust and what are they?
1. “Out of trouble” campaign: Advocates for reducing the number of young people imprisoned by promoting alternatives for custody. Eg, community based sentences and rehabilitation programmes (address root causes). 2. “Out for good” campaign: Improving employment opportunities for people leaving prison - ease barriers posed by criminal records and raise awareness about he importance of second chances.
46
What are the 3 aims and objectives of NACRO?
1. Supporting rehabilitation and reducing reoffending 2. Promotes systemic changes 3. Safeguarding vulnerable groups
47
What is the philosophy of NACRO?
The belief that everyone deserves a second chance
48
What is the working practices of NACRO?
1. Resettlement services - eg housing 2. Education and skills development 3. Health and wellbeing support
49
What 1 campaign is linked with NACRO and what is it?
“End Friday releases” campaign: Stop releasing prisoners on Fridays as this leaves them without necessary support and services which increases the risk of reoffending. If released earlier in the week, they will have access to housing and employment immediately, which reduces recidivism rates and improved reintegration outcomes. Due to the offenders (day of release from detention) act inmates are no longer released on Fridays since 2024.
50
What is the 3 aims and objectives for victim support?
1. Emotional support 2. Practical help
51
What are the working practices of victim support?
1. Emotional support 2. Practical help through court proceedings 3. Helplines and online services 24/7 4. Creates campaigns to prevent victimisation and raise awareness
52
What is the philosophy of victim support?
1. Protecting victims 2. Support victims through recovery 3. Restorative justice
53
What 1 campaign is linked with victim support?
“Supportline”: Offers free and confidential support for victims through a support line and a live chat alternative. They receive over 55,000 calls a year and over 5000 emails a year. The staff are fully trained in offering emotional support and practical advice.
54
What are the 4 aims and objectives of the clink charity?
1. Offer training in hospitality 2. Support prisoners in finding employment upon release 3. Change public attitudes towards rehabilitation and reintegration of offenders 4. Reduce reoffending rates by providing offenders with skills and opportunities to help them reintegrate into society
55
What is the philosophy of the clink charity?
1. Rehabilitation over punishment 2. Reduce reoffending through education and meaningful work 3. Help offenders lead law abiding lives 4. Second chances
56
What are the working practices of the clink charity?
1. Help offenders gain qualifications 2. Work experience - work in clink restaurants 3. Post-release support 4. Community engagement - public come to restaurant, gives public positive perception of rehabilitation
57
What is an example of the clink charity?
The clink restaurant HMP Brixton: Provides prisoners with practical training and experience in hospitality. It is open to the public, in prison grounds, staffed by prisoners which helps with self confidence and discipline, and reduces reoffending rates. This also promotes to the public the importance of rehabilitation, and reduce reoffending rates. This contributes to social control.
58
How do charities and pressure groups achieve social control?
Internal - promote rehabilitation and address root causes of crime - help offenders internalise societal norms and values - encourage offenders to take responsibility and reintegrate into society successfully

Crim Unit 4 (8 decks)

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