3.1

Question 1

What is the philosophy of the police?

Answer 1

-founded by Robert Peel (1829)
- basic missions to prevent crime and disorder
-physical force as a last resort
-police are just citizens in uniform.
POLICING BY CONSENT OF THE PUBLIC.

Question 2

What are the aims and objectives of the police force?

Answer 2

-keep the peace and maintain order
-protect life and property
-prevent, detect and investigate crime
-bring offenders of crime to justice

POWERS OF POLICE GIVEN IN THE POLICE AND CRIMINAL EVIDENCE ACT 1984

Question 3

What is the funding of the police force?

Answer 3

2020/21 budget = £15.2 billion
*2/3 from central gov
*local council taxes
*charging services (eg football matches)

Between 2010-2018 = police budget fell by 19%
-fall in 20,000 police officers

Question 4

What is the reach of the police force?

Answer 4

There are 39 regional police forces in England, 4 in Wales and 1each in Scotland and Wales

specialist police forces UK nationwide eg: British Transport Police

Question 5

What are the types of criminality and offenders dealt with by the police force?

Answer 5

The police deal with all types of offence and offender, but specialist agencies may deal with complex crimes and criminals.
eg: HM revenue and customs deal with tax evasion and fraud

Question 6

Outline specialist policing used by the police force

Answer 6

-Unarmed policing = largely police forces in Britain are unarmed as Peels philosophy says force should be a last resort
-Special constables = unpaid, part time volunteers who have the same powers as police officers
-Police community support officers = limited powers to deal with anti social behaviour on the streets.
-Police and Crime Commissioners = give local people a voice on policing. Ensure crime is cut and budgets are spent effectively to ensure and efficient service

Question 7

What are the aims and objectives of the CPS?

Answer 7

-advise the police on lines of enquiry and the evidence needed to build a case.
-independently assesses evidence submitted by the police and reviews the case continuously.
-decides whether to prosecute
-prepares and presents a prosecution case
-assists and supports prosecution witnesses and victims

Question 8

What is the philosophy of the CPS?

Answer 8

set up in 1986 as part of the Prosecution of Offences Act 1985

• independence and fairness
• honesty and openness
  *treat everyone with respect
  *behave professionally and strive for excellence
  *equality and inclusion

Question 9

What is the funding for the CPS?

Answer 9

*gov budget of 500million per year
*money from costs given by the courts to defendants
*recovers confiscated assets

2018= CPS budget had fallen by 25%
lost 1/3 of staff members

Question 10

What types of criminality and offenders are dealt with by the CPS?

Answer 10

Takes responsibility for all crime and offenders including serious cases

Question 11

What is the reach of the CPS

Answer 11

The CPS is a national body in England and Wales
*14 regional area teams that prosecute local cases
*CPS direct = 24/7 service that provide charging decisions to police nationwide

Question 12

What are the working practices for the CPS to prosecute?

Answer 12

*evidential test = satisfaction that there is enough evidence for a high chance of a guilty verdict. (Evidence should be admissible, reliable, credible)
* public interest test = whether prosecution is in the public interest.
*threshold test= reasonable grounds to believe a suspect is guilty enough that further evidence could prove this, and the offence is too serious and justifies immediate charging

Question 13

What is the philosophy of the judiciary

Answer 13

Guide to Judicial Conduct (2016)
1) judicial independence
2) impartiality
3) integrity
4) propriety
5) ensuring equal treatment
6) competence

Judges swear 2 oaths when appointed
-judicial oath = to treat people fairly according to the law
- oath of allegiance = loyalty to the monarch and successors.

Question 14

What are the aims and objectives of the judiciary?

Answer 14

Interpret and apply the law to cases within court
-Crown = a judge should manage a trial, ensure fairness and explain legal issues to the jury. They create a summary at the end of a trial and pass a sentence for guilty defendants
- Appeals = Judges make rulings on appeals from lower courts and may set judicial precedent

Question 15

What is the funding of the judiciary?

Answer 15

The judiciary are paid salaries from the Senior Salaries Review Body.

• in 2020 = most senior was paid £262,00, district judges paid £112,000

HOWEVER~ top lawyers in commercial law can earn over £1million and so can act as a disincentive to be a judge

Question 16

What are the working practices of the judiciary

Answer 16

• Have security of tenure = cannot be removed by the home office and have to have a petition put to the queen from the houses of parliament
  -Have a guaranteed salary as the judiciary is organised in a clear hierarchy

Question 17

Types of criminality and offender dealt with by the judiciary

Answer 17

judges will deal with all types of offender, apart from those who have committed less serious offences and are dealt with by a magistrate, or the police

Question 18

What is the reach of the judiciary

Answer 18

the supreme court has nationwide reach and settles parts of law that are of national importance.
Judges of lower courts work more locally to sentence community based crimes.

Question 19

What is the philosophy of a prison

Answer 19

Preventing victims by changing the lives of offenders

Question 20

What are the aims and objectives of a prison

Answer 20

-to protect the public from harm
-help people who have been convicted of crimes to rehabilitate to contribute positively to society
- to hold prisoners securely and implement the sentences and orders of the courts

Question 21

What is the funding of a prison

Answer 21

In 2018 = the police budget was 3 billion, this is down 16% from 2010.
This led to staffing cut of 15% between 2010-2018.

In 2019, the cost of keeping a prisoner was
-Public = 41,135
-Private= 42,591

Question 22

What type of criminality and offenders do prisons deal with

Answer 22

Prisons deal with offenders who are deemed too high risk to serve their sentence within the community, however offence type varies in severity.

Question 23

What is the reach of the prison service?

Answer 23

The prison service are a national organisation and have prisons situated throughout the UK. Once sentenced, prisoners may be placed in a local prison before being given a security classification and being moved accordingly around the UK.

Question 24

What are the working practices of the prison service (public and private sector)

Answer 24

There are 121 working prisons in the UK that hold around 80,000 prisoners at a time.
106 were public sector prisons and 15 were privately owned by three companies.

In 2019 - HMP Birmingham was returned to full government ownership after failings from G4S that led to prison riots.

Question 25

What are the working practices of the prison service? (escapees)

Answer 25

-Any prisoners who attempt to escape are added to an escape list and have to wear yellow suits. They also have to have some clothes and belongings removed at night

Question 26

What are the working practices of the prison service? (activities and rehab)

Answer 26

In 2018 = it was found that 1/2 of prisons inspected did not have purposeful activity programmes for prisoners.

Only 2/5 of prisons offered reasonably good to good activities compared to 2/3 in 2009.
This was said to be due to a cut in prison officers and staff.

Question 27

What are the working practices of the prison service? (incentives and earned privileges IEP’s)

Answer 27

rewards are given to prisoners who behave well.
These can be basic, standard, or enhanced.
Prisoners on entry are placed on standard levels
Bad behaviour moves you to basic and good behaviour to enhanced.

Basic (limited number of letters and visits, basic allowance for money)
Enhanced (TV in their cell)

Question 28

What are the philosophies of the probation service?

Answer 28

The probation service believes that offenders can change for the better.
They believe in the dignity and worth of an individual and have a commitment to social justice, social inclusion, equality and diversity.

Question 29

What are the aims and objectives of the probation services?

Answer 29

The NPS describes itself as a ‘statutory criminal justice that supervises high-risk offenders released into the community and provides statutory support to victims of serious sexual or violent crimes’.
They aim to protect the public by rehabilitating offenders by tackling the causes of their crimes.

They also have partnerships in private and voluntary sectors to manage offenders (eg: community rehab centres, which until 2020 there were 21 CRC’s)

Question 30

What are the two types of client who the probation service work with?

Answer 30

1) offenders serving a sentence in the community
- up to 300h of unpaid work
-exclusion orders, curfews or residence orders
-a group programme (anger management)

2) offenders who have been released from prison on license
-prisoners service sentences of 12 months are more are usually released half way through
-License will have requirements attached such as undergoing treatment.

Question 31

What is the funding of the probation service?

Answer 31

The government gave the HMPPS a budget of £4.6billion in 2018 from general taxation

Community Rehab Centres = contracts to the Ministry of Justice to provide probation services and have to meet targets to be paid.
19/21 = missed their targets for reoffending and had a bad record for monitoring offenders through telephone
In 2018 = 342million had been spent on CRC’s without benefit

Question 32

What are the government plans for rehabilitation services

Answer 32

The government ended all private contracts for probation services in 2020. In England there are 10 English regions with a NPS division and one CRC.

Question 33

What is the reach of the probation service

Answer 33

The NPS is a national organisation and provides a consistent service throughout the country but on a local basis.

Question 34

What are the types of criminality and offender dealt with by the probation service?

Answer 34

Around 250,000 offenders are on probation.
In 2018= 40% were supervised by the NPS and 60% by CRCs
Offenders managed by CRC’s are seen as safe enough to serve their sentence in the community.

Question 35

What are the responsibilities of the probation service?

Answer 35

-To prepare a pre-sentence report to help the courts decide on an appropriate sentence
-Managing approved premises for sentences which contain residence requirements
-Assess prisoners to prepare them for release on license when they become under supervision of the NPS

Question 36

What are the aims and objectives of a charity/pressure group

Answer 36

These are voluntary, non-profit organisations that run independently to the government.
They aim to promote the welfare of the groups that they are concerned with.

Charities = help those in need
Pressure groups = campaign for change

Question 37

Outline the features of NACRO
(national association for the care and resettlement of offenders)

Answer 37

NACRO = both a charity and pressure group
founded in 1966.

Charity:
-Provides social justice for offenders through aiming to change lives, strengthen communities and prevent crime

NACRO services:
- Housing = 3000 tenants in their properties. where support and rehab is provided. Due to NACRO, in 2018, 2600 people left custody with secure accommodation
-Education = In 2018, 4900 people began studying through its services
-Resettlement advice = provides advice to offenders on housing and jobs
-Outreach projects = to stop young people from offending.

NACRO as a pressure group:
-campaigns to change laws and policies that affect ex-offenders
- Eg: the campaign to reform the Rehabilitation of Offenders Act 1974
-Supports the ban the box campaign which campaigns for the removal of the tick box to declare criminal convictions on job application forms

Question 38

What is the funding for charities and pressure groups?

Answer 38

Charities and pressure groups are largely funded through public donations, government grants and contracts for services.

NACRO = have an income of £50million per year

Question 39

What is the reach of charities and pressure groups?

Answer 39

Charities can vary in their reach nationally and locally and rely on the media to gain awareness

NACRO = are a national organisation with local activities in 50 areas of England and Wales.
They have a large full time staff base and many full time volunteers

Question 40

What are the types of criminality and offenders that NACRO work with?

Answer 40

NACRO work with all types of offenders who are released from prison as well as young people who are at risk of offending, such as those excluded from mainstream education.
Concerns with the needs of disadvantaged young people and adults.