3.1

Question 1

Correlation

Answer 1

How strongly the pair of variables are related and change together.

Question 2

Causation

Answer 2

Any change in the value of one variable will cause a change in the value of another.

Question 3

An omitted variable causes…

Answer 3

both, the independent variable and the dependent variable. This is a classic “omitted variable bias”.

Question 4

The two pillars of experimental research:

Answer 4

• Create systematic variation
  in one variable and measure its effect on an outcome variable
• Eliminate or mitigate unsystematic variation
  through observable and unobservable attributes through randomization

Question 5

Internal validity

Answer 5

How well you can ensure that the independent variable caused the dependent variable

Question 6

Laboratory Experiment

Answer 6

• Great control, artificial environment created
• Participants are recruited
• Usually incentivized with money
• Real decisions with monetary consequences

Question 7

Laboratory online experiment

Scenario Experiment

Answer 7

• Indirect environment. E.g. “imagine that… how would you..”
• Participants are recruited
• Imaginary decisions
• Monetary payment

Question 8

Field experiment

Answer 8

• Natural environment. E.g. A/B testing, email campaign

- Participants are often unaware of being recruited

Question 9

Quasi Experiment (also known as “natural experiment”)

Answer 9

Experiment without randomized controlled trial (RCT). E.g., natural experiment

Question 10

A construct is…

Answer 10

an abstract concept that is specifically chosen (or “created”) to explain a given phenomenon

Question 11

A variable is…

Answer 11

a measurable representation of a construct.

Question 12

A proposition is…

Answer 12

is a tentative and conjectural relationship between constructs that is stated in a declarative form.

Question 13

Hypotheses are…

Answer 13

are empirical formulations of propositions, stated as relationships between variables.

Question 14

A theory is…

Answer 14

set of systematically interrelated constructs and propositions

intended to explain and predict a phenomenon or behavior of interest,

within certain boundary conditions and assumptions.

Question 15

Experimental designs

Answer 15

• In its basic form, an experimental design is supposed to reduce the difference between treatment and control group to one factor, the manipulation.
• Experiments are (almost) the only way to keep other factors constant.

Question 16

Between-participant/ posttest-only design

Answer 16

T Group: X-O
C Group: -O

This is the ‘classic design’

Question 17

Within- and between-participant/ Pretest-posttest design

Answer 17

T Group: O-X-O

C Group: O- -O

Question 18

Between-participant/ posttest-only design with control variables

Answer 18

T Group: C-X-O
C Group: C- -O

Covariance design

Question 19

Factorial design

Answer 19

You have 4 groups and everyone gets a treatment

Question 20

Two rare other group designs

Answer 20

• Solomon four group design

- Switched replication design