306 Final Red

Question 1

LOH, Tubules, and Glomerulus =

Answer 1

Nephron

Question 2

Glomerular filtration begins at

Answer 2

9 weeks

Question 3

when do glomerular filtration and function increase

Answer 3

after birth

Question 4

Which organ is the only retroperitoneal organ

Answer 4

kidney

Question 5

the kidney develops ? —> ?

Answer 5

external to peritoneal

Question 6

Posterior wall of the abdomen is where which organ lies?

Answer 6

kidney

Question 7

Renin Aldoseterone System in VLBW infants (increased risk for what?)

Answer 7

hyponatremia and dehydration

Question 8

ADH prevents which condition

Answer 8

dehydration

Question 9

what is attributed to increased water absorption by kidneys?

Answer 9

ADH

Question 10

what is the precursor to vasopressin?

Answer 10

ADH

Question 11

Where is ADH synthesized and stored?

Answer 11

synthesized in hypothalamus, stored in posterior pituitary until needed

Question 12

Which maternal medication can cause delayed voiding and decreased GFR and urine retention in infants?

Answer 12

MgSO4

Question 13

GFR remains low until full complement of nephrons after which week?

Answer 13

35 weeks

Question 14

After 35 weeks, renal blood flow and GFR increase by how much?

Answer 14

5 fold

Question 15

Which medication can increase Na+K ATPase activity?

Answer 15

Steriods

Question 16

Term infants have a ______ Sodium Balance.

Preterm infants have a ______ Sodium Balance

Answer 16

term (positive)

preterm (negative)

Question 17

Preterm infants cannot readily excrete ___ in high loads.

Answer 17

Sodium

Question 18

When fluid intake is inadequate, preterms are at risk of ______ and ______, especially in 1st week.

Answer 18

Na retention and hypernatremia

Question 19

FENa (tubular function) equation

Answer 19

urine Na serum CR
_______ x __________ x 100=
Serum Na Urine CR

Question 20

increased FENa means what?

Answer 20

more Na lost in urine

Question 21

FENa and GA have which kind of relationship

Answer 21

inverse relationship

Question 22

Attempts to excrete increased glucose loads can lead to…

Answer 22

hyponatremia and dehydration

Question 23

GIR formula

Answer 23

%glucose x rate of infusion
_____________________ = mg/kg/min
6 x weight in kg

Question 24

Urine forms when

Answer 24

11-12 weks

Question 25

Renal Blood flow ______ with Gestational age

Answer 25

increases

Question 26

concentration of urine and Na conservation is limited in which group?

Answer 26

preterms

Question 27

Fetus is how much % water

Answer 27

80%

Question 28

Term is how much % water

Answer 28

78

Question 29

extracellular fluid ______ with gestational age

Answer 29

decreases

Question 30

intracellular fluid _______ with gestational age

Answer 30

increases

Question 31

After birth, there is an increase in ECF. When does it peak?

Answer 31

3rd day (explains diuresis)

Question 32

Glomerular filtration rate is affected by renal blood flow and 2 others.....

Answer 32

Blood pressure and Gestational age

Question 33

Preterms are at risk for increased urinary _____ loss, which will improve with increased GFR.

Answer 33

Sodium

Question 34

Risk for glycosuria

Answer 34

increased FEG which improves with GA

Question 35

What develops along each side of the neural tube, which gives rise to the skeleton, spinal column and occiput, voluntary muscles of neck, body wall, dermis of neck and trunk?

Answer 35

Somites

Question 36

Cranial part of the neural tube closes when?

Answer 36

by 25th day

Question 37

if the cranial part of the neural tube does not close by the 25th day, what happens?

Answer 37

anencephaly

Question 38

Caudal part of the neural tube closes when?

Answer 38

2 days after cranial (27th?)

Question 39

if the caudal part of the neural tube does not close what happens?

Answer 39

Spina Bifida

Question 40

Vascular circulation develops at the same time as what?

Answer 40

Cranial and Caudal closure

Question 41

PNS and ANS develop from which cells?

Answer 41

Neural Crest Cells

Question 42

Basal plate and alar plate come from

Answer 42

Sulcus Limitans

Question 43

Alar & dorsal come from

Answer 43

Sulcus Limitans

Question 44

Alar plate gives rise to....

Answer 44

Sensory Neurons

Question 45

Basal Column gives rise to

Answer 45

Motor Neurons

Question 46

Membrane around neural tube forms brain and spinal cord

Answer 46

meninges

Question 47

meninges have 3 layers

Answer 47

1. Dura - outer external 2. Arachnoid - internal includes subarachnoid 3. Pia - innermost

Question 48

Remember, "pia protects!" how?

Answer 48

allowing vessels to nourish

Question 49

pia inflammed means

Answer 49

meningitis

Question 50

where does CSF flow

Answer 50

under arachnoid layer in subarachnoid space

Question 51

Incomplete Myelinization does not prevent function, it...

Answer 51

alters speed

Question 52

Myelinization first appears in

Answer 52

PNS

Question 53

Myelinization occurs how in PNS?

Answer 53

motor before sensory

Question 54

Myelinization occurs how in CNS

Answer 54

sensory first

Question 55

myelin sheaths formed by what?

Answer 55

oligodendrocytes in CNS

Question 56

what are myelin sheaths that wrap around axons of PNS

Answer 56

Schwann cells

Question 57

Optic cup is an outgrowth of which part of the brain?

Answer 57

forebrain

Question 58

Why do we remove cataracts?

Answer 58

needed for clear vision for development

Question 59

Hindbrain divides into 3 parts

Answer 59

Caudal, Rostral, and cavity of hindbrain

Question 60

caudal end gives rise to the

Answer 60

myelencephalon--->medula oblongata

Question 61

rostral end of brain gives rise to the

Answer 61

metencephalon--->pons and cerebellum and 4th

Question 62

cavity of hindbrain gives rise to the

Answer 62

4th ventricle

Question 63

Cerebral blood flow is a function of

Answer 63

Blood pressure

Question 64

Cerebral blood flow is described as...

Answer 64

pressure passive, depends on BP (increased bp, increased cbf)

Question 65

decreased cbf and limited autoregulation places neonate at risk for

Answer 65

cerebral ischemia, increased ICP, increased risk of rupture

Question 66

pressure and blood flow controlled by

Answer 66

cerebral autoregulation

Question 67

which conditions interrupt autoregulation

Answer 67

hypercarbia, hypoxia, acidosis

Question 68

Preterm subependymal germinal matrix is common site for what?

Answer 68

IVH, PVH, PVL

Question 69

Full term common site for damage?

Answer 69

cerebral cortex --->hie

Question 70

Blood brain barrier prone to capillary leakage and hemorrhage due to

Answer 70

loose junctions between basement membrane and vascular bed

Question 71

myelinization increases with

Answer 71

GA

Question 72

Which immunoglobulins cross placenta in 3rd month and increase until term

Answer 72

IgG1 and IgG3

Question 73

Major Immunoglobulin synthesized in the first month of life?

Answer 73

IGM

Question 74

IgG mostly transferred during

Answer 74

3rd trimester