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Fall Finals > 306 Final Red > Flashcards

306 Final Red Flashcards

1
Q

LOH, Tubules, and Glomerulus =

A

Nephron

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2
Q

Glomerular filtration begins at

A

9 weeks

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3
Q

when do glomerular filtration and function increase

A

after birth

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4
Q

Which organ is the only retroperitoneal organ

A

kidney

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5
Q

the kidney develops ? —> ?

A

external to peritoneal

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6
Q

Posterior wall of the abdomen is where which organ lies?

A

kidney

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7
Q

Renin Aldoseterone System in VLBW infants (increased risk for what?)

A

hyponatremia and dehydration

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8
Q

ADH prevents which condition

A

dehydration

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9
Q

what is attributed to increased water absorption by kidneys?

A

ADH

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10
Q

what is the precursor to vasopressin?

A

ADH

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11
Q

Where is ADH synthesized and stored?

A

synthesized in hypothalamus, stored in posterior pituitary until needed

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12
Q

Which maternal medication can cause delayed voiding and decreased GFR and urine retention in infants?

A

MgSO4

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13
Q

GFR remains low until full complement of nephrons after which week?

A

35 weeks

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14
Q

After 35 weeks, renal blood flow and GFR increase by how much?

A

5 fold

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15
Q

Which medication can increase Na+K ATPase activity?

A

Steriods

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16
Q

Term infants have a ______ Sodium Balance.

Preterm infants have a ______ Sodium Balance

A

term (positive)

preterm (negative)

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17
Q

Preterm infants cannot readily excrete ___ in high loads.

A

Sodium

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18
Q

When fluid intake is inadequate, preterms are at risk of ______ and ______, especially in 1st week.

A

Na retention and hypernatremia

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19
Q

FENa (tubular function) equation

A

urine Na serum CR
_______ x __________ x 100=
Serum Na Urine CR

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20
Q

increased FENa means what?

A

more Na lost in urine

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21
Q

FENa and GA have which kind of relationship

A

inverse relationship

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22
Q

Attempts to excrete increased glucose loads can lead to…

A

hyponatremia and dehydration

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23
Q

GIR formula

A

%glucose x rate of infusion
_____________________ = mg/kg/min
6 x weight in kg

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24
Q

Urine forms when

A

11-12 weks

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25
Q

Renal Blood flow ______ with Gestational age

A

increases

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26
Q

concentration of urine and Na conservation is limited in which group?

A

preterms

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27
Q

Fetus is how much % water

A

80%

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28
Q

Term is how much % water

A

78

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29
Q

extracellular fluid ______ with gestational age

A

decreases

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30
Q

intracellular fluid _______ with gestational age

A

increases

31
Q

After birth, there is an increase in ECF. When does it peak?

A

3rd day (explains diuresis)

32
Q

Glomerular filtration rate is affected by renal blood flow and 2 others…..

A

Blood pressure and Gestational age

33
Q

Preterms are at risk for increased urinary _____ loss, which will improve with increased GFR.

A

Sodium

34
Q

Risk for glycosuria

A

increased FEG which improves with GA

35
Q

What develops along each side of the neural tube, which gives rise to the skeleton, spinal column and occiput, voluntary muscles of neck, body wall, dermis of neck and trunk?

A

Somites

36
Q

Cranial part of the neural tube closes when?

A

by 25th day

37
Q

if the cranial part of the neural tube does not close by the 25th day, what happens?

A

anencephaly

38
Q

Caudal part of the neural tube closes when?

A

2 days after cranial (27th?)

39
Q

if the caudal part of the neural tube does not close what happens?

A

Spina Bifida

40
Q

Vascular circulation develops at the same time as what?

A

Cranial and Caudal closure

41
Q

PNS and ANS develop from which cells?

A

Neural Crest Cells

42
Q

Basal plate and alar plate come from

A

Sulcus Limitans

43
Q

Alar & dorsal come from

A

Sulcus Limitans

44
Q

Alar plate gives rise to….

A

Sensory Neurons

45
Q

Basal Column gives rise to

A

Motor Neurons

46
Q

Membrane around neural tube forms brain and spinal cord

A

meninges

47
Q

meninges have 3 layers

A
  1. Dura - outer external
  2. Arachnoid - internal includes subarachnoid
  3. Pia - innermost
48
Q

Remember, “pia protects!” how?

A

allowing vessels to nourish

49
Q

pia inflammed means

A

meningitis

50
Q

where does CSF flow

A

under arachnoid layer in subarachnoid space

51
Q

Incomplete Myelinization does not prevent function, it…

A

alters speed

52
Q

Myelinization first appears in

A

PNS

53
Q

Myelinization occurs how in PNS?

A

motor before sensory

54
Q

Myelinization occurs how in CNS

A

sensory first

55
Q

myelin sheaths formed by what?

A

oligodendrocytes in CNS

56
Q

what are myelin sheaths that wrap around axons of PNS

A

Schwann cells

57
Q

Optic cup is an outgrowth of which part of the brain?

A

forebrain

58
Q

Why do we remove cataracts?

A

needed for clear vision for development

59
Q

Hindbrain divides into 3 parts

A

Caudal, Rostral, and cavity of hindbrain

60
Q

caudal end gives rise to the

A

myelencephalon—>medula oblongata

61
Q

rostral end of brain gives rise to the

A

metencephalon—>pons and cerebellum and 4th

62
Q

cavity of hindbrain gives rise to the

A

4th ventricle

63
Q

Cerebral blood flow is a function of

A

Blood pressure

64
Q

Cerebral blood flow is described as…

A

pressure passive, depends on BP (increased bp, increased cbf)

65
Q

decreased cbf and limited autoregulation places neonate at risk for

A

cerebral ischemia, increased ICP, increased risk of rupture

66
Q

pressure and blood flow controlled by

A

cerebral autoregulation

67
Q

which conditions interrupt autoregulation

A

hypercarbia, hypoxia, acidosis

68
Q

Preterm subependymal germinal matrix is common site for what?

A

IVH, PVH, PVL

69
Q

Full term common site for damage?

A

cerebral cortex —>hie

70
Q

Blood brain barrier prone to capillary leakage and hemorrhage due to

A

loose junctions between basement membrane and vascular bed

71
Q

myelinization increases with

A

GA

72
Q

Which immunoglobulins cross placenta in 3rd month and increase until term

A

IgG1 and IgG3

73
Q

Major Immunoglobulin synthesized in the first month of life?

A

IGM

74
Q

IgG mostly transferred during

A

3rd trimester

Fall Finals (2 decks)

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