3052 Flashcards
Aus psychology Society was created in which year? 1964, 1971, 1966, 1956
1966
what are the 9 areas of Psychological Endorsement?
The nine areas of practice endorsement are:
clinical clinical neuro community counselling ed and dev forensic health organisational sport and exercise
4 keys to science?
objective, empirical, replicable, rational
what are the 3 stages of Science development?
- Pre science: no paradigm
- Normal science: a proposed theory
- Revolution: conflicting evidence
What is empiricism?
all knowledge should be from sensory experiences
What is Pygmalion effect?
ones expectation of someone effects that persons performance
What is experimenter expectancy?
when the experimenters bias influences the participant
What is a paradigm?
a pattern or concept
What are impact factors?
impact factors measure importance of a journal based on the number of cited articles
what are impact factors also known as?
the Scientometric Index
What is attrition?
the process of reducing something’s strength or effectiveness through sustained attack or pressure.
what are the 6 attributes of psychology graduates?
knowledge, research methods, critical thinking, values, communication, application of skills
What does AHPRA stand for?
Australian Health Practitioners Regulation Agency
what does AHPRA do?
manages many health departments and is responsible for Psychologists registration.
what are the APRHA requirements for psychologists?
10hr peer supervision, 20 hrs professional development and insurance
What is general registration?
when a psychologist can work in any area of psychology
What is provisional registration?
when a psychologist needs to complete their supervised prac
Psychologists in remote areas are generally more or less experienced and work in schools or private practice?
less experience and work in schools
Psychologists in urban areas are generally more or less experienced and work in schools or private practice?
more experience and work in private practice
Undergraduate bachelor of Psych involves __ + ___ + __
theory, science and methodology
4th year honours involves __ + __ + __
research project, thesis and no prac
what is a con of the 4+2 pathway?
Expensive and does not give students practical skills.
what is the last date to start the 4+2 pathway?
30 June 2022
Describe the Europsy Model…
3yr undergraduate, 2 years post graduate + 3 month internship + 1 year work placement
what do Health Psychologist do?
promote positive health lifestyle eg. reduce obesity
what do counselling psychologists do?
work with clients on grief, loss, domestic violence ect
What is the Dodo verdict?
all psychotherapies, regardless of their specific components, produce equivalent outcomes because of the effectiveness of the therapeutic alliance.
describe the 1st, 2nd and 3rd era’s of Psychology?
1st: 20’s to 60’s = addition of psychometrics to clinical setting
2nd: 70’s-00’s = addition of CBT
3rd: now = addition of E-therapies
what is EST?
Empirically supported therapies: are treatments and therapies that have research-based medical and scientific evidence showing that they work.
what is EST and what does it do?
Empirically supported therapies are treatments and therapies that have research-based medical and scientific evidence showing that they work. They support OCD, PTSD and panic disorders but excludes co-morbid patients
what is RCT?
Randomised Controlled Trial: the “gold standard” for testing new treatments. Every new treatment submitted for FDA approval must be supported by results from randomized controlled trials demonstrating that it’s both safe and effective.
when was the 4+2 pathway retirement approved?
3 April 2019
when will the 4+2 pathway retirement take effect?
1 January 2029
what are the 3 key things all practicing psychologists must know?
- code of ethics
- be competent as a therapist
- the Australian laws and politics
what are the 2 key ethics rules?
- client comes first
- I must maintain privacy
* unless they are wanting to harm themselves or others
what are the 3 key ethics principles?
- respect: justice and privacy
- propriety: working in the best interest of the client
- integrity: use power and trust with decency
What does the national statement on ethical conduct in human research do?
identify issues of ethics that arise in the design, review and conduct of human research, to deliberate about those ethical issues, and to justify decisions about them.
what is a HREA?
Human research Ethics Application
what are the 3 steps to follow when ethical issues arise in clinical practice?
- Recognise problem
- identify alternatives
- select and commit
what is a pro and con of self disclosure as a therapist?
it can create security issues but also assist in normalising perceptions of the client
what are the 7 core competencies of a psychologist?
- psych knowledge
- research (problems, design, analysis)
- problem solving
- service
- legal and ethical adherence
- professional relationships
- influence and change for the client
what does WHO stand for?
world health organisation
what % of health costs do the federal gov, state gov and the individual pay?
40% federal government
30% state government
30% the individual
what is the ration of psychologist to society?
1 to every 769 people
what are the 8 goals of The Fifth National Mental Health and Suicide Prevention Plan?
- regional planning and service delivery.
- Effective suicide prevention.
- support severe mental illness.
- Improve Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander mental health and suicide prevention.
- Improving physical health of mentally illness
- Reducing stigma and discrimination.
- improve safety
- Effective system are in place.
what does BOMHC stand for?
The Better Outcomes in Mental Health Care
when was the Better Outcomes in Mental Health Care (BOMHC) introduced? 2001, 2003, 1998, 2002
2001
what are the main points about BOMHC?
- a three-step mental health care plan, which required at least two-follow up visits and a 1-6 month review (you needed a review to claim the incentive)
- GPs as front line management of mental health problems that could refer to psychologists
- GPs must complete training in CBT, psychoeducation, and Interpersonal therapy.
what is the better access scheme?
- Government provides subsidised mental health care to Australians.
- GP’s refer patients to eligible allied health practitioners under Medicare.
- 2006
what is a pro and con of the better access scheme?
pro: 50% of people using it had never used MI help before
con: benefits those already advantaged
What is AAPi? and what does it believe?
Australian Association of Pychologists inc.
- Dissatisfied with “two-tier” Medicare system
- APS doesn’t represent 4+2 pathway psychologists
what year was the APAC established? 2001, 2005, 2003 or 2010
2003
what is an adverse event?
a problem because of medical intervention
what % of adverse events are avoidable? 50-60%, 45-50%, 70-80%
70-80%
what are some causes of adverse events?
failure to communicate, the punishment of whistle blowers, staff shortage, equipment issues
within community healthcare, what is an acute intervention?
a 24hr diagnosis
what level of rehab is at a community care unit?
medium to long rehab
what is PARC?
Adult prevention and recovery care (PARC) services are community-based, short-term supported residential services for people experiencing a mental health problem, but who do not need (or no longer require) a hospital admission.
which condition is mostly cared for in residential care and for how long?
schizophrenia in a 2 week or less stay
what is an assessment order?
An Assessment order is the first step in compulsory mental health treatment.
An Assessment order authorises the compulsory assessment of a person to determine whether the person needs compulsory mental health treatment.
what is a temporary treatment order? how long can it last?
A temporary treatment order is an order made by an authorised psychiatrist that enables a person to be given compulsory mental health treatment.
It lasts for a maximum of 28 days and may be either a community temporary treatment order or an inpatient temporary treatment order.
who makes up a tribunal?
solicitor, psychiatrist and a qualified person who all review the patients appeal
what is the timeframe of a community tribunal?
3 wks to 12 months
what is the timeframe of an in-patient tribunal?
3 wks to 6 months
define the difference between mental ill and mentally disordered…
mentally ill = suffering
mentally disordered = irrational behaviour
what does APCA stand for?
Australian Clinical Psychology Association
what is an advance statement?
a persons preference of treatment, effective past treatments and opinion on ECT
what is ECT?
ElectroConvulsive therapy
can an advance statement be overridden by a psychiatrist?
Yes
what are the 6 recovery principles of the national framework for mental health services?
- individual uniqueness
- real choices
- attitudes and rights
- dignity and respect
- communication
- evaluate recovery
what is the CHIME framework?
CHIME is a conceptual framework for personal recovery in mental health.
Describe the elements of CHIME
C - connectedness H - hope/optimism I - identity M - meaning E - empowerment
what are the 5 factors of the consummate clinician?
- Competency: knowledge of the discipline, assessment, formulation, scientific and research methodologies and statistical skills
- Courage: to ask hard questions, to listen to dark and difficult stories;
- Curiosity: Genuinely interested
- Compassion
- Contextual ethical understanding
The compassionate lady competently used courage to curiously look at the context
what is the NDIS?
National Disability Insurance Scheme
what does the NDIS do?
allow people to live normally
Which types of disabilities do the NDIS help?
- Intellectual, Physical, Sensory (e.g. blindness)
- Psycho-Social (secondary to a chronic mental illness)
- Autistic Spectrum Disorders
- Other (e.g. as a result of a brain injury)
what are some of the requirements to be eligible for NDIS?
- Disabilities need to be permanent
- Under 65 years
- Medical and psychiatric needs are excluded
how many Australians use the NDIS? 250K, 300K, 400K, 500K
It is estimated that 400,000+ Australians will qualify
what are some types of NDIS funding?
- Assistive Technology
- Home modifications
- Employment, higher education, and vocational education and training • Vehicle modifications
- Prosthetic limbs
- Personal care supports
- Recreation supports
- Transport
- Specialist Disability Accommodation
- Behaviour Support
what comes after honours?
masters, PHD, research
discuss the masters of counselling pathway
- direct entry
- real client prac
- 2 years full-time
- 240 hrs placement + 16 units
- key areas: grief, alcohol, group therapy
what is formulation?
a hypothesis of how someone is presenting
what are the 5 P’s of clinical interviewing?
- Presenting: exact thoughts, behaviours and feelings
- Precipitating:
A) Distal: a month before symptoms
B) Proximal: 10 minutes before
3.Perpetuating: what makes things worse
4.Pre-morbid: Previous physical health and mental health status also risk factors
5.Protective: what helps this person continue to function eg: mother, good job ect
what are some types of assessments for children?
- norm referenced tests (IQ, academic, motor,neurocognitive)
- interviewing or observational
what does ABA stand for?
Applied Behaviour Analysis
what is ABA and what is it based on?
Applied Behaviour Analysis is the clinical application of the scientific knowledge about behaviour based on behaviourism, operant conditioning and classical conditioning
which conditions benefit from ABA?
Autism, ADHD, Obesity, depression, Gambling
What is ABA also known as?
Behaviour modification
what is a key benefit of ABA?
its flexible and good for group settings
what are some key techniques of ABA?
shaping, reinforcement, extinction, prompting, discrete trials
what is functional analysis?
a believable demo of the event responsible for the behaviour
what is a key con of ABA?
it is too harsh, may cause PTSD and may reduce self stimulating behaviours
what are the 7 dimensions of ABA?
- applied = makes a specific change
- analytical = relationship between behaviour and environment
- behaviour = only actions
- effective = proven change
- generality = long lasting outcomes
- systematic = based on principles
- technological = replicatable
what is ASD? and key points about it
Autism Spectrum Disorder
- its genetic and has an early onset
- generally have communication/social issues
what is the lovass approach?
- teaches non-verbal children to speak
- its a form of ABA
- 40-50 hours a week from the age of 2
what is the primary job of an Education and Development Psychologist?
- diagnose disabilities eg. autism
- assess development issues
- deal with bullying, abuse, disability, family conflict, parenting and behaviour problems with clients
what is the primary job of a sports and exercise psychologist?
- performance enhancement (confidence, arousal control, attention)
- anxiety/stress
- injury rehab
- general pop weightless
What does PST stand for? and what are the 3 main points?
Psychological Skills Training
- Imagery
- Goal Setting
- Concentration
What does PST stand for? explain imagery?
Psychological Skills Training
Imagery involves recreating, new techniques, multi sensory
internal imagery = the go pro
external imagery = the grand stand
What does PST stand for? explain goal setting?
Psychological Skills Training
Goal setting involves 3 aspects…
1. Outcomes = I want to win gold
2. process = I want to do a back flip to improve my show
3. performance = I want to run 1 km under 1 min
What does PST stand for? explain concentration?
Psychological Skills Training
Concentration involves developing relevant cues, maintaining over time, awareness, shifting focus
what are some things that can effect imagery?
ones ability to imagine, the nature of the task, the skill of the person
how could you explain internal and external imagery?
internal imagery = the go pro
external imagery = the grand stand
what are 4 types of concentration?
- broad = several occurrences
- narrow = 1 or 2 cues only
- internal = focus on own thoughts
- external = focus outward on objects
what is organisational psychology?
the science of people at work
what is the primary job of a Organisational Psychologist?
recruitment, development training, change management, Occupational health and safety, wellbeing
what are some assessments used by occupational psychologists?
cognitive ability, motivation, leadership assessments.
Personality and Emotional intelligence testing.
interest inventory.
what are the 3 levels of wellbeing and stress interventions?
- primary = stress reduction, policy change
- secondary = stress management, coping, education
- tertiary = change health status, assistance and counselling
what did the Whitehall study do and what was found?
Investigated social determinants of health, specifically the cardiovascular disease prevalence and mortality rates among workers over a period of ten years, beginning in 1967.
named “status syndrome”, it was found the lower the grade, the higher the mortality rate.
what is the Gallup Study?
public opinion polls conducted worldwide. Gallup has identified 12 core elements (the Q12) that link powerfully to key business outcomes
discuss some of the Gallup Study Questions…
- Do you know what is expected of you at work?
- Do you have the materials and equipment to do your work right?
- At work, do you have the opportunity to do what you do best everyday?
- In the last seven days, have you received recognition or praise for doing good work?
- Does your supervisor or someone at work, seem to care about you as a person?
- Is there someone at work who encourages your development?
- At work, do your opinions seem to count?
- Does the purpose of your company make you feel your job is important?
- Are your associates committed to doing quality work?
- Do you have a best friend at work?
- In the last six months, has someone at work talked to you about your progress?
- In the last year, have you had opportunities to learn and grow?
what are some treatment options for drug and alcohol therapy?
counselling, day rehab, residential withdrawal, group work, peer support, AA, private detox centres and SMART recovery
What are the key methods of a Drug and Alcohol Psychologist?
harm minimisation, CBT, motivational interviewing
what are the 8 treatment steps of Drug and Alcohol therapy?
- assess
- history
- monitor
- pros/cons
- change
- coping
- reducing behaviour
- reinforce
Mental health is ___ x more prevalent in prison
4 x more
what percentage of criminals have a personality disorder?
35-45, 60-70, 65-80, 75-90
65-80%
what is a witness of fact?
saw/heard first hand
what is an expert witness?
someone who gives opinion with qualifications
what are the 4 types of expert witness?
- experimental = summarises relevant research
- clinical = assesses, tests and gives opinion
- actuarial = uses published data to give probability
- advisory = advises without being a witness
What is the RNR model?
Risk = behaviour can be predicted and services match ref offence risk
Need = criminogenic needs in treatment
Responsivity = CBT and interventions based on learning style
what are the 8 risks of a criminal reoffending?
- Criminal history (static risk factor)
- Antisocial personality pattern (e.g., impulsive, aggressive and irritable)
- Procriminal attitudes (e.g., rationalizations for crime, negative attitudes towards the law)
- Social supports for crime (e.g., criminal friends, isolation from prosocial others)
- Substance abuse (e.g., abuse of alcohol and/or drugs)
- Family/marital relationship (e.g., inappropriate parental monitoring and disciplining, poor family relationships)
- Education/employment (e.g., poor performance, low levels of satisfaction)
- Prosocial recreational activities (e.g., lack of involvement in prosocial recreational/leisure activities)
what are some ethical issues within forensic psychology?
- voluntary vs mandated clients
- vulnerabile clients
- cultural issues
- incomparable roles (therapist and assessor)\
5 confidentiality
What are the 6 steps of ABA?
- identify behaviour
- assess
- establish baseline
- choose reinforcer
- measure change
- reduce reinforcer
what % Australians aged 18–65 will experience a mental health related condition?
45%
Kara is completing her Honours and would like to work as a Community Psychologist. Which of the following is correct?
Kara would need to complete her Masters in Community Psychology and 2 years of supervised practice to gain endorsement
What is a limitation of Empirically Supported Therapies?
In community settings diagnosis comorbidity is high
What is the model followed in professional psychology?
Scientist Practitioner
James works as a psychologist and is using an out of date test to assist with diagnosing his clients. What general ethical principal does this contravene?
Propriety
Which general ethical principle relates to establishing an appropriate fee for therapy?
Integrity
Ensuring you are competent to work with the clients you serve, falls into which of the following ethical principles
Propriety
Who can release confidential client information?
The courts, The client or The clinician if there is risk
The scientist-practitioner model was previously called the __________ model.
Boulder
Outline the Europsy Model
6 yrs of full-time including
- 3 year Bachelor degree
- 2 year Masters
- 1 year full-time supervised practice
what are some advantages of Europsy Model
- lower duration of higher education provider-based education
- more students in higher education pathways to increase the supply of the psychology workforce
- Higher quality of training for generalist psychologists
- Clearer separation of ‘generalist’ and ‘specialist’ psychological services
Who is the client in organisational psych?
both the organisation and the individual are your clients!
What is DTT?
Discrete Trial Training in ABA
what is a CTO?
a Community Treatment Order
sets out the terms under which a person must accept medication and therapy, counselling, management, rehabilitation and other services while living in the community
What is PACFA? and discuss what it does
Psychotherapy and Counselling Federation of Australia
represent the profession to communities and government, and to develop the evidence-base relating to the art and practice of counselling and psychotherapy.
discuss Recovery Orientated Practice
he Recovery model views people as individuals, not symptoms
• It changes the focus and perspective of traditional mental
health treatment and research
includes CHIME
what does the Questionnaire about the Process of Recovery (QPR) investigate?
developed specifically to measure the CHIME framework
what does the holland questionnaire test?
personality type for career paths
describe the National Psychology Exam
3.5 hours duration and consists of 150 questions covering ethics, assessment, intervention, and communication.
PSYBA
Psychology Board of Australia
