Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Nephrology > 304 AKI > Flashcards

304 AKI Flashcards

1
Q

Common causes of community acquired AKI

A 
Volume depletion
Heart failure
Adverse effect of medications
Obstruction of urinary tract
Malignancy

MOA VH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Common causes of hospital acquired AKI

A

Sepsis
Major surgery
Critical illness involving heart and liver
Nephrotoxic medication

SM CN
SM City

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Common conditions associated with pre renal azotemia

A

Hypovolemia
Decreased cardiac output
NSAIDs
Inhibitors of angiotensin II

HINDe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

When does renal auto regulation occur

A

SBP falls below 80 mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Effect of NSAIDs on kidney

A

Renal afferent vasodilation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Effect of ACE-I and ARBs to kidney

A

Rena efferent vasoconstriction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Most common causes of intrinsic AKI

A

Sepsis
Ischemia
Nephrotoxin

SIN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Type 1 hepatorenal syndrome

A

SCr increase 2x or more than 2.5 mg/dl within 2 weeks despite volume administration and withholding diuretics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Very metabolically active part of nephron and most hypoxic region

A

S3 segment of proximal tubule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Most common cause of post renal AKI

A

Bladder neck obstruction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Laboratory feature of prerenal azotemia

A 
BUN crea ratio more than 20
FeNa less than 1
Urine osomolality more than 500 mOsm/kg
Hyaline cast
Urine sp gravity more than 1. 018
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Contrast nephropathy. Rise in SCr? Peaks and recovers?

A

Increase in SCr within 1-2 days
Peaks on 3-5 days
Resolves within 7 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Laboratory findings show hypocomplementemia and eosinophiluria. Other causes of eosinophiluria

A 
Atheroembolic disease (with hypocomplementemia) 
Allergic interstitial nephritis
Pyelonephritis
Cystitis
Glomerulonephritis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Causes. Urinary sediments. Granular casts

A

ATN
GN
Vasculitis
Tubulointerstitial nephritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Urinary sediments in acute cellular allograft rejection

A

Renal tubular epithelial (RTE) cells
RTE cast
Pigmented cast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Novel biomaker associated with ischemia. Type 1 transmembrane protein expressed in proximal tubule

A

Kidney injury molecule 1 (KIM-1)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Novel biomaker detected in plasma and urine 2 hrs of CABG

A

Neutrophils gelatinase associated lipocalin (NGAL)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Novel biomaker for risk of AKI among critically ill patients

A

Insulin growth factor binding protein 7 (IGFBP7)

Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 2 (TMP-2)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Hallmark of AKI

A

BUN more than 100 mg/dl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Electrolyte abnormalities in AKI

A 
Hyponatremia
Hypocalcemia
Hyperkalemia
Hyperphosphatemia
Hyperuricemia 
Hypermagnesemia
Metabolic acidosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Total energy intake in AKI

A

20-30 kcal/kg per day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Protein intake in AKI. Not on dialysis. On dialysis

A

Not on dialysis: 0.8-1.0 g/kg

On dialysis: 1.0-1.5 g/kg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Most common form of renal replacement therapy for AKI

A

Hemodialysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

When does AKI in burn patients occur

A

10% BSA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Antibiotics commonly associated with AKI
Aminoglycosides | Amphotericin B
26
Electrolyte imbalance in AKI
Hyperkalemia Hyperphosphatemia Hypocalcemia
27
Procedures commonly associated with AKI
Cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass Vascular procedure with aortic cross clamping Intraoperitoneal procedurez
28
Common risk factors for postoperative AKI
``` CKD Older age Diabetes Mellitus CHF Emergency procedures ```
29
True or false. Longer duration of cardiopulmonary bypass is risk factor for AKI
True.
30
How can individuals undergoing massive fluid resuscitation lead to AKi
Increased fluid can lead to abdominal compartment syndrome and a pressure of more than 20 mmHg leads to renal vein compression and reduced GFR
31
Microvascular causes of AKI
Thrombotic micrioangiopathies: cocaine, chemotherapeutic drugs, APAS, radiation nephritis, malignant hypertensive nephroscleorsis, TTP-HUS Scleroderma Atheroembolic disease
32
Large vessel disease associated with AKI
Renal artery dissection Thromboembolism Renal vein compression or thrombosis
33
How does Hypoalbuminemia contribute to AKI
Increased free circulating drug concentration
34
How does contrast induce AKI
1. Hypoxia 2. Cytotoxic damage 3. Transient tubular obstruction
35
Cause of Chinese herb nephropathy
Aristolochic acid
36
How does acyclovir lead to AKI
Precipitates in tubulss and cause tubular obstruction
37
Commonly used drugs that have been associated with acute Tubulointerstitial nephritis
PPI and NSAIDs
38
Kind of AKI that accompanies aminoglycosides
Non oliguric AKI
39
Character of the AKI caused by aminoglycosides
Accumulates in the renal cortex AKI manifest after 5-7 days of therapy Hypomagnesemia is a common finding
40
How does amphotericin B cause AKI
Renal vasoconstriction from increase in tubuloglomerukar feedback as well as tubular toxicity mediated reactive oxygen species
41
When does acyclovir precipitate in tubules and case AKI?
Doses higher than 500 mg/m2 OR | Setting of hypovolemia
42
How does cisplatin and carboplatin cause AKI?
Accumulate in Proximal tubular cells and cause necrosis and apoptosis
43
How does ifosphamide cause AKI?
Cause hemorrhagic cystitis and tubular toxicity manifested as type renal tubular acidosis (Fanconi syndrome) polyuria, hypokalemia
44
How does ethylene glycol cause AKI
It's metabolites cause direct tubular injury and tubular obstruction
45
Metabolite responsible for tubular injury in diethylene glycol
2 hydroxyethoxyacetic acid (HEAA)
46
Most common protein in urine produced in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle
Uromodulin
47
Serum Uric acid levels that leads to precipitation of Uric acid in the renal tubules and cause AKI
Serum Uric acid more than 15 mg/dL
48
Can Glomerulonephritis lead to AKI?
Yes in 5% of cases
49
How does obstruction lead to AKI
Post renal AKI involved hemodynamic alterations triggered by an abrupt increase in intra tubular pressures
50
How is AKI defined
Rise of 0.3 mg/dl from baseline within 48 hours 50% higher than baseline within 1 week Reduction in urine output less than 0.5 ml/kg per hour for 6 hours
51
How can you differentiate AKI from CKD?
Small/shrunken kidneys Cortical thinning on renal ultrasound Evidence of renal osteodystrophy Normocytic anemia
52
How to differentiate pre renal azotemia and ischemia associated AKI
Pre renal azotemia: FeNa less than 1% | Ischemia associated AKI: FeNa more than 1%
53
Diseases associated with granular casts
ATN GN Vasculitis Tubulointerstitial nephritis
54
Diseases associated with WBC, WBC casts
``` Interstitial nephritis GN Pyelonephritis Allograft rejection Malignant infiltration of the kidney ```
55
Diseases with RBC casts
GN Vasculitis Malignant hypertension Thrombotic micrioangiopathies
56
Diseases with Eosinophiluria
``` Allergic interstitial nephritis Atheroembolic disease Pyelonephritis Cystitis GN ```
57
Diseases with pigmented cast, renal tubular epithelial cells
``` ATN Tubulointerstitial nephritis Acute cellular Allograft rejection Myoglobinuria Hemoglobinuria ```
58
How is furosemide challenge done to confirm severe AKI
Bolus intravenous furosemide 1-1.5 mg/kg Urine output of less than 200 ml over 2 hours Means patient is at high risk of progression to more severe AKI and need renal replacement therapy
59
Important electrolyte complication in AKI
Hyperkalemia
60
How is rhabdomyolysis managed? Target fluid per day?
Target fluid per day: 10L/ day | 75 mmol to 0.45% NaCl
61
Calorie intake of patient with AKI
20-30 kcal/day
62
True or false. Hyperuricemia treatment is usually not required except in the setting of tumor lysis syndrome
True.
63
How is Hyponatremia managed in AKI
Fluid restrictions Avoid hypotonic solutions Hypertonic saline rarely needed
64
When is hemodialysis initiated in patient with AKI
BUN more than 100 mg/dl
65
True or false. If loop diuretics reaches ceiling, add diuretics acting on DCT, CCD, PCT. Such as thiazide then complete blockade with acetazolamide.
True.
66
Caution to using thiazide diuretics
Hyponatremia
67
Goal urine output in rhabdomyolysis and urine pH
PH 7.0 Urine output 200-300 ml/hr Goal is to flush myoglobin
68
When to cut dose metformin dose
EGFR 30-45 ml/min: half dose | EGFR less than 30: hold
69
When to stop/continue ACEI/ARB in CKD
Stop: operation, contrast based imaging Others: continue
70
What fluids to use in AKI
LR as more like plasma

Nephrology (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions