300 questions & answers Flashcards
1
Q
What colour should a dark room be painted? A)Black B)White C)Grey D)Beige
A
B)White
2
Q
The ideal temperature that a darkroom should be is; A)20-22c B)23-25c C)18-20c D)16-18c
A
C)18-20c
3
Q
The minimum distance that a direct safelight should be away from a work surface is; A)3m B)2m C)1.2m D)2.1m
A
C)1.2m
4
Q
Which bulb wattage would you use in a safelight? A)15w B)20w C)25w D)30w
A
A)15w
5
Q
The active ingredient in developer is; A)Ammonium thiosulphate B)Calcium carbonate C)Phenolic oxalate D)Phenidone hydroquinone
A
D)Phenidone hydroquinone
6
Q
The optimum temperature for a manual processing developer is; A)22c B)21c C)20c D)19c
A
C)20c
7
Q
The active ingredient in fixer is; A)Ammonium thiosulphate B)Calcium carbonate C)Phenolic oxalate D)Phenidone hydroquinone
A
A)Ammonium thiosulphate
8
Q
How long should a radiograph be washed for prior to drying? A)5-10mins B)10-15mins C)15-20mins D)15-30mins
A
D)15-30mins
9
Q
What stage is omitted from an automatic processor? A)Developer B)Rinse/stop bath C)Fixer D)Final wash
A
B)Rinse/stop bath
10
Q
At what temperature should automatic processing chemicals be kept? A)24c B)26c C)28c D)30c
A
C)28c
11
Q
What are the grains called that are on the film base and react with the light? A)Gold halides B)Gold bromide C)Calcium halides D)Silver halides
A
D)Silver halides
12
Q
Non screen film may be used for; A)Intra oral views B)Intracranial views C)Intracardiac views D)Intrahepatic views
A
A)Intra oral views
13
Q
The phosphor calcium tungstate emits; A)Green light B)Blue light C)Red light D)Yellow light
A
B)Blue light
14
Q
Which ONE of the following is the BEST material for cleaning intensifying screens? A)Cotton wool B)Tissue paper C)Swabs D)Nailbrush
A
C)Swabs
15
Q
A fast film/screen combination requires; A)More exposure B)Less exposure C)An average exposure D)Any of the above, because it makes no difference anyway
A
B)less exposure
16
Q
A grid is placed; A)Between the table and the cassette B)Between the x-ray beam and the patient C)Between the patient and the cassette D)Between the patient and the radiographer
A
C)Between the patient and the cassette
17
Q
Tissue over a certain thickness should be x-rayed using a grid. What is the thickness? A)40cm B)15cm C)20cm D)10cm
A
D)10cm
18
Q
Which legislation tells us that a patient should NOT be held for radiography, unless in exceptional circumstances?
A)The health and safety at work act
B)The Control of Substances Hazardous to health
C)The ionising radiation regulations 1981
D)The ionising radiation regulations 1999
A
D)The ionising radiation regulations 1999
19
Q
Scattered radiation increasing with; A)An increased mA B)A decreased mA C)An increased kV D)A decreased kV
A
C)An increased kV
20
Q
Which ONE of the following is used as a filter to stop low energy x-rays leaving the tube window? A)Copper B)Lead C)Aluminium D)Tungsten
A
C)Aluminium
21
Q
The RPS is appointed;
A)Within any practice involved with radiography
B)Outside the practice
C)Only if the practice takes more than 10 radiographs a week
D)Only if the practice has more than four people working there
A
A)Within any practice involved with radiography
22
Q
The RPA is appointed?
A)Within the practice
B)Outside the practice
C)Only if the practice take more than 10 radiographs a week
D)Only if there are more than four people working in the practice
A
B)Outside the practice
23
Q
Which ONE of the following people should NEVER be present during radiography? A)16-17yr olds B)People over the age of 18 C)Over 21s D)Under 16yrs of age
A
D)Under 16yrs of age
24
Q
Dosemeters should be worn;
A)On the shirt collar, outside a protective apron
B)On the trunk, beneath a protective apron
C)On the trunk, outside a protective apron
D)On the shirt collar, beneath a protective apron
A
B)On the trunk, beneath a protective apron
25
```
The term medical describes a location;
A)Towards the medial plane
B)Towards the tail
C)Towards the head
D)Away from the medial plane
```
A)Towards the medial plane
26
```
When positioning for a BVA hip screen x-ray, where would you centre the primary beam?
A)On the wings of the ilium
B)On the pubic symphysis
C)On the acetabulum
D)On the head of the femur
```
B)On the pubic symphysis
27
```
Rostral describes a location;
A)Away from the medial plane
B)Towards the tail
C)Towards the nose
D)Towards the head
```
C)Towards the nose
28
```
The phosphor calcium tungsten emits which colour light?
A)Green
B)Blue
C)Red
D)Magenta
```
B)Blue
29
```
Does a “fast” film require a;
A)Long exposure
B)Quick exposure
C)Medium exposure
D)Any of the above
```
B)Quick exposure
30
What is latent image?
A)An image on the film after processing
B)Calcium tungsten crystals in the film’s emulsion that have been exposed to radiant energy before processing
C)Silver halide crystals in the film’s emulsion that have been exposed to radiant energy before processing
D)An image on the film before processing
D)An image on the film before processing
31
A focused grid has;
A)Both parallel and angled lead slats
B)Lead slats parallel to each other
C)Lead slats parallel to each other but getting smaller in size towards the edge of the grid
D)Lead slats are at right angles to each other
A)Both parallel and angled lead slats
32
```
A radiograph requires an exposure of 20mA when taken at a film/focal distance of 90cm without a grid. What exposure will be required if a grid with a grid factor of 4 is used?
A)5mA
B)30mA
C)40mA
D)80mA
```
D)80mA
33
```
Which ONE of the following is NOT an example of a phosphor used in intensifying screens?
A)Calcium tungstate
B)Rare earth phosphors
C)Barium lead sulphate
D)Silver bromide
```
C)Barium lead sulphate
34
The radiation protection supervisor is usually;
A)A member of the practice, who is responsible for radiation safety but need not be present every time the x-ray machine is used
B)A meme bear of the practice, who is normally in charge of radiation safety and therefore must be present at every radiographic examination
C)A veterinary surgeon who holds a diploma in veterinary radiography, and acts as an advisor in matters of radiation safety
D)An external advisor, who can advise on radiation protection
A)A member of the practice, who is responsible for radiation safety but need not be present every time the x-ray machine is used
35
```
The target of an X-ray tube is usually made of;
A)Copper
B)Lead
C)Silver
D)Tungsten
```
D)Tungsten
36
```
What may cause a film to be too pale?
A)Exhausted developer
B)Overexposure
C)Scattered radiation
D)Static electricity
```
A)Exhausted developer
37
```
Which ONE of the following controls the quality or penetrating power of the x-ray beam?
A)kV
B)mA
C)Time of exposure
D)All of the above
```
A)kV
38
Lead lined protective clothing is fully effective against;
A)The primary beam and scattered radiation
B)The primary beam only
C)Scattered radiation only
D)Any sort of radiation at all
C)Scattered radiation only
39
```
Which ONE of the following items of equipment will reduce the risk of exposure to the primary beam?
A)Aluminium filter over the tube window
B)Light beam diaphragm
C)Protective clothing
D)Rare earth screens
```
B)Light beam diaphragm
40
Which ONE of the following will reduce the amount of scattered radiation reaching the film?
A)Increasing the film/focal distance
B)Increasing the kV and decreasing the mA
C)Reducing the exposure time and increasing the mA
D)Reducing the size of the primary beam
D)Reducing the size of the primary beam
41
```
The old mA is 16. What will the new mA be given that the FFD is to be changed from 30 to 20?
A)5mA
B)6mA
C)7mA
D)8mA
```
C)7mA
42
```
An exposure for the radius of a GSD puppy was 30 kV, 10mA. Unfortunately the puppy has a wet plaster of Paris cast on. What will the new exposure be?
A)30kV 20mA
B)30kV 40mA
C)40kV 10mA
D)60kV 10mA
```
B)30kV 40mA
43
```
An exposure for a Labrador is 50kV and 15mA. However a grid factor of 2 is to be used. What will the new exposure be?
A)50kV 7.5mA
B)100kV 15mA
C)50kV 30mA
D)100kV 30mA
```
C)50kV 30mA
44
```
If the kV is raised by 10 to 70kV and the mA is 20 what effect will this have on the exposure?
A)70kV and 10mA
B)70kV and 40mA
C)80kV and 20mA
D)80kV and 60mA
```
A)70KV and 10mA
45
```
What will the exposure be if the FFD is changed from 75cm to 90cm with an old mA of 20?
A)16
B)16.67
C)24
D)28.8
```
D)28.8
46
```
An exposure of 60kV and 40mA using a grid with a factory of 2 has proved successful. What will the exposure be if the grid is removed?
A)10mA
B)20mA
C)60mA
D)80mA
```
B)20mA
47
```
What will the exposure time be fore an exposure of 15 mAs with the mA at 10?
A)1 second
B)1.5seconds
C)2seconds
D)3seconds
```
B)1.5seconds
48
```
Which ONE of the following is an example of a water soluble positive contrast agent?
A)Barium sulphate
B)Air
C)Carbon dioxide
D)Iodine
```
D)Iodine
49
```
Who is responsible for writing the radiographic local rules?
A)The senior partner
B)The RPA
C)The RPS
D)The head nurse
```
B)The RPA
50
```
In a typical practice the controlled area is within a _____ radius from the primary beam;
A)6metres
B)4metres
C)2metres
D)0.5metres
```
C)2metres
51
```
Which one of the following imaging techniques cannot be used for sketch investigations?
A)Ultrasonography
B)CT scanning
C)Magnetic resonance imaging
D)Scintigraphy
```
A)Ultrasonography
52
```
Inherited abnormalities caused by radiography are due to;
A)Somatic effects
B)Genetic effects
C)Carcinogenic effects
D)Cumulative effect
```
B)Genetic effects
53
```
A film that is too dark may be as a result of;
A)FFD too short
B)Underexposure
C)Underdevelopment
D)FFD too long
```
A)FFD too short
54
```
The term soot and whitewash may be used to describe a film when;
A)The developer was not stirred
B)Overexposure has occurred
C)The kilovoltage is too low
D)Fogging has occurred
```
C)The kilovoltage is too low
55
```
Dirty intensifying screens will result in;
A)Yellow stains on the film
B)Borders around the film
C)Fogging
D)Small bright marks on the film
```
D)Small bright marks on the film
56
```
Which ONE of the following is responsible for image blurring?
A)Patient movement
B)Scattered radiation
C)FFD too long
D)Fogging
```
A)Patient movement
57
```
What remedial action would you NOT take to prevent fogging?
A)Collimate beam
B)Increasing kilovoltage
C)Use a grid
D)Use films before expiry date
```
B)Increasing kilovoltage
58
Black crescent marks may be prevented by;
A)Correct washing procedure
B)Use anti static screen cleaner
C)Careful handling of unprocessed film
D)Cleaning the rollers of the automatic processor
C)Careful handling of unprocessed film
59
```
The minimum standard of lead equivalent for protective gloves and sleeves is;
A)0.30mm equivalent
B)0.35mm equivalent
C)0.20mm equivalent
D)0.25mm equivalent
```
B)0.35mm equivalent
60
Radiography density is determined by the;
A)Exposure factor
B)Exposure factor and processing technique
C)Processing technique
D)Focal film distance
B)Exposure factor and processing technique
61
Which ONE of the following statements concerning positioning for radiography is NOT true?
A)Exposures of the abdomen should always be taken on inspiration
B)Exposures of the chest should always be taken on inspiration
C)The nasal chambers are best viewed using an intra oral film
D)To examine the hearts a D/V view is more useful than a V/D view, as in the later the heart may tip to one side
A)Exposures of the abdomen should always be taken on inspiration
62
```
Which one of the following is most Radiopaque?
A)Gas
B)Bone
C)Fat
D)Soft tissue
```
B)Bone
63
```
The degree of absorption by a given tissue does NOT depend on;
A)The atomic number
B)The specific gravity of the tissue
C)Thickness of the tissue
D)The milliamperage
```
D)The milliamperage
64
```
Positively charged particles contained in the centre of an atom are known as;
A)Electrons
B)Photons
C)Neutrons
D)Protons
```
D)Protons
65
```
The height of a the strips to the width of the Radiolucent interspace in the grid is known as the;
A)Grid factor
B)Grid ratio
C)Grid lines
D)Grid number
```
B)Grid ratio
66
```
Film that is both blue and green light sensitive is known as;
A)Monochromatic
B)Non screen
C)Orthochromatic
D)Ultraviolet
```
C)Orthochromatic
67
```
The developer contains a restrainer to;
A)Reduce the amount of developemental fog
B)Maintain alkalinity of the solution
C)Maintain the acidity of the solution
D)Prevent oxidation
```
A)Reduce the amount of developmental fog
68
```
If the FFD is too long the resultant image will be;
A)Blurred
B)Too dark
C)Too pale
D)Fogged
```
C)Too Pale
69
```
Which one is not a remedial action for a film that is too pale?
A)Increase temperature of developer
B)Change developer
C)Increase exposure
D)Increase FFD
```
D)Increased FFD
70
```
Fogging is not caused by;
A)Scattered from the table
B)Scatter from the patient
C)Developer not stirred
D)Exposure to white light before fixing
```
C)Developer not stirred
71
```
Which one of the following is not a danger associated with radiography?
A)Visible
B)Painless
C)Latent
D)Cumulative
```
A)Visible
72
```
Which technique would be used to demonstrate a joint space?
A)Fistulography
B)Arthrography
C)Bronchography
D)Venography
```
B)Arthrography
73
```
The quantity of the x-rays produced depends upon;
A)Miliamperage
B)Length of the exposure
C)Both a and b
D)Kilovoltage
```
C)Both a and b
74
```
Which one of the following will not reduce scatter radiation?
A)Collimation of the beam
B)Compression band
C)Increase kV
D)Grid
```
C)Increased kV
75
```
Blurring of one part of the film will occur due to;
A)Poor screen film contact
B)Underexposure
C)Over exposure
D)FFD too long
```
A)Poor screen film contact
76
```
Which one of the following is the most Radiolucent?
A)Metal
B)Bone
C)Fat
D)Soft tissue
```
C)Fat
77
```
Which combination will give you the best definition?
A)Fast film, fast screen
B)Fast film, slow screen
C)Slow film, fast screen
D)Slow film, slow screen
```
D)Slow film, slow screen
78
```
Which one of the following techniques is most likely to be used for fine needle aspiration of the liver?
A)Computed tomography
B)Magnetic resonance imaging
C)Scintigraphy
D)Ultrasound
```
D)Ultrasound
79
```
Which one of the following is not required for films submitted to BVA/kennel club hip dysplasia scoring scheme?
A)Patient’s kennel club number
B)Dog’s name
C)Date
D)Left marker
```
B)Dog’s name
80
```
Which one of the following affects the quality of the x-ray beam?
A)The kilovoltage
B)The miliamperage
C)Time
D)The tube rating
```
A)The kilovoltage
81
```
What would the mA be if the FFD was altered from 75cm to 100cm assuming that the correct mA is 30?
A)30mA
B)60mA
C)50mA
D)70mA
```
C)50mA
82
```
To maintain the same exposure, what would the mA be if the kV was increased by 10? Current exposure used is 20kV 30mA.
A)20kV 10mA
B)30kV 15mA
C)30kV 20mA
D)30kV 20mA
```
B)30kV 15mA
83
White patches on a film may be caused by;
A)Water splashes on the film before processing
B)Developer splashes onto the film before processing
C)Insufficient washing
D)Fixer splashes onto film before processing
D)Fixer splashed onto film before processing
84
```
Which one of the following has a higher atomic number than bone?
A)Gas
B)Fat
C)Soft tissue
D)Metal
```
D)Metal
85
```
Blackening of the film is caused by the;
A)Kilovoltage
B)Milliamperage
C)Increased FFD
D)Kilovoltage and milliamperage
```
D)Kilovoltage and milliamperage
86
Electrons are;
A)Negatively charged particles which orbit the nucleus
B)Positively charged particles in the nucleus
C)Particles of similar size protons but carry no charge
D)Combination of two or more elements
A)Negatively charged particles which orbit the nucleus
87
```
The maximum dose of radiation a member of the general public (over18) may legally receive to the whole body in a year is;
A)no dose at all
B)5mSv
C)15mSv
D)50mSv
```
B)5mSv
88
The use of x-rays in practice is controlled by which piece of legislation?
A)Health and safety at work act
B)COSHH regulations
C)Guidance notes for the protection of person against ionising radiations arising form veterinary use
D)Ionising Radiation regulations
D)Ionising radiation regulations
89
```
By using which one of the following techniques could you reduce radiation hazards by the greatest amount?
A)Increasing the KV
B)Reducing FFD
C)Use of the grid
D)Use of the rare earth screens
```
D)Use of the rare earth screens
90
```
Which one of the following affects radiographic contrast?
A)kV
B)mA
C)Use of a grid
D)All of the above
```
A)kV
91
```
Which one of the following procedures will help to improve the definition of an x-ray image by the greatest amount?
A)Use of a non screen film
B)Decreasing film/focal distance
C)Increasing film/focal distance
D)Increasing kV
```
A)Use of a non screen film
92
```
An x-ray film that you have processed is too dark. How would you correct this error?
A)Increase development time
B)Increase kV
C)Reduce the exposure time
D)Reduce the film/focal time
```
C)Reduce the exposure time
93
```
A processed film is very grey with poor contrast between the image and the background. What could be the cause?
A)kV too high
B)Film fogged by radiation
C)Exhausted developer
D)Developer temperature too night
```
B)Film fogged by radiation
94
```
A radiograph of an anaesthetised animal is blurred. What might be the cause?
A)Exhausted developer
B)Inadequate fixing
C)Poor film/screen contrast
D)Underexposure
```
C)Poor film/screen contrast
95
```
What mark or artefact would insufficient washing after fixation leave on a finished radiograph?
A)White spots
B)Dark spots
C)Yellow stains
D)Cloudy appearance
```
C)Yellow stains
96
```
Which are the two major components of an x-ray film emulsion?
A)Gelatin and silver halides
B)Gelatin and silver ions
C)Silver ions and silver halides
D)Gelatin and silver oxide
```
A)Gelatin and silver halides
97
```
The filament of an X-ray tube is normally made of;
A)Copper
B)Lead
C)Silver
D)Tungsten
```
D)Tungsten
98
When taking a radiograph for the BVA/kennel club hip dysplasia scoring scheme, what information must be included on the radiograph?
A)Dogs name, kc number, L/R marker
B)Kc number, date, L/R marker
C)Kc number, L/R marker
D)Practice name and address, dogs name, L/R marker
B)Kc number, date, L/R marker
99
In which one of following positions should a dog be placed following a myelogram?
A)Head elevated about 30 degrees
B)Normal recovery position
C)The head lowered below the rest of the body
D)Sternal recumbency
A)Head elevated about 30 degrees
100
```
Which one of the following is not an advantage of rare earth screens?
A)Increased exposure time
B)Decreased patient dose
C)Improved image quality
D)Reduced tube current
```
A)Increased exposure time
101
Which film fault is responsible for white spots on the radiograph?
A)Dirt on the intensifying screens
B)Film not agitated sufficiently
C)Fixer splashed onto the film before processing
D)Film underdeveloped
A)Dirt on the intensifying screens
102
```
Which one of the following chemicals is not a constituent of the fixer?
A)Ammonium thiosulphate
B)Boric acid
C)Potassium bromide
D)Sodium acetate
```
C)Potassium bromide
103
```
Which is the fixing agent used in a fixer?
A)Ammonium chloride
B)Ammonium thiosulphate
C)Potassium hydroxide
D)Sodium acetate
```
B)Ammonium thiosulphate
104
```
Which one of the following is removed from the film during fixing?
A)Ammonium thiosulphate
B)Silver halide
C)Silver nitrate
D)Sodium chloride
```
B)Silver halide
105
Where would you find an intensifying screen?
A)In a grid
B)In an x-ray cassette
C)On the well (used to illuminate x-rays for viewing)
D)In the developing tank
B)In an x-ray cassette
106
You have developed a radiograph using the wet tank method, and the film has turned out yellow. What is this due to?
A)Contamination of the developer
B)Exhausted developer
C)Fixer being split on the film before processing
D)Fixing time too short
D)Fixing time too short
107
When taking a ventro-dorsal radiograph of the cervical spine, the disc spaces will be viewed most accurately if;
A)The forelimbs are pulled forwards, towards the animals head
B)The neck is supported with sandbags
C)The tube head is inclined 15-20 degrees towards the tube head
D)The tube head is inclined 15-20 degrees towards the thorax
B)The neck is supported with sandbags
108
```
When positioning a dog for a BVA/kennel club hip radiograph, the beam should be centred on;
A)The acetabula
B)The pubic symphysis
C)The sacrum
D)The wings of the ilium
```
B)The pubic symphysis
109
```
Use of rare earth screens may decrease exposure factors or time by up to;
A)10%
B)30%
C)70%
D)90%
```
D)90%
110
The spreed of the intensifying screen is increased by;
A)A thick fluorescent layer of large crystals
B)A thick fluorescent layer of small crystals
C)A thin fluorescent layer of large crystals
D)A thin fluorescent layer of small crystals
A)A thick fluorescent layer of large crystals
111
```
What effect will faster speed have on the definition of the film image?
A)Increased
B)Decreased
C)Magnified
D)Unaffected
```
B)Decreased
112
```
What is the exposure fault of a radiograph with a pale image, of HIGH contrast, on a dark background?
A)kV too low
B)kV too high
C)mA too low
D)mA too high
```
A)kV too low
113
```
The use of grid required an increase in the;
A)Milliamperage/second
B)Kilovoltage
C)Film focl distance
D)Colimation
```
A)Milliamperage/second
114
```
The latent image of the exposed radiation is the result of;
A)The developing process
B)The fixing process
C)Exposure to light/x-ray photons
D)Scatter radiation
```
C)Exposure to light/x-ray photons
115
```
If you were developing non-screen film annually, how much longer would you leave the film in the developer compared to screen film?
A)Double the normal developing time
B)Increase by 2 minutes
C)Same time as normal film
D)Increase by 30 seconds
```
A)Double the normal developing time
116
```
Which ONE of the following crystals may be found in the “rare east” screens?
A)Calcium tungstate
B)Silver bromide
C)Silver thiosulphate
D)Gadolinium oxysulphide
```
D)Gadolinium oxysulphide
117
```
Which one of the following exposure functions affects the amount of x-rays produced?
A)kV
B)mA
C)FFD
D)Time
```
B)mA
118
The reflective layer of the intensifying screens is;
A)Required to filter out scatter radiation
B)Between the film and fluorescent
C)To prevent back scatter reaching the film
D)To reflect light photons back towards the film
D)To reflect light photons back towards the film
119
```
The visible difference between varying shades (tones) of the film focal image is called the;
A)Density
B)Contrast
C)Definition
D)Clarity
```
B)Contrast
120
```
X-rays are members of the;
A)Electro-magnetic spectrum
B)Radio wave spectrum
C)Electro-radiation spectrum
D)Radio frequency spectrum
```
A)Electro-magnetic spectrum
121
```
The cloud of electrons is produced at the;
A)Anode
B)Cathode
C)Anion
D)Cation
```
B)Cathode
122
```
How much electron energy is lost via heat production?
A)20%
B)1%
C)99%
D)25%
```
C)99%
123
```
What is the filter made of that the x-rays have to pass through when leaving the tube head?
A)Copper
B)Tungsten
C)Lead
D)Aluminium
```
D)Aluminium
124
```
The anode is;
A)Positively charged
B)Negatively charged
C)Inversely charged
D)All of the above
```
A)Positively charged
125
```
The target (anode) is set at which angle?
A)20
B)25
C)30
D)35
```
A)20
126
```
What does kV control?
A)Penetration power
B)Quality
C)Speed
D)Exposure
```
A)Penetration power
127
```
Which one of the following would not reduce fogging?
A)Collimate beam
B)Use of a grid
C)Correct development technique
D)Prolonged storage
```
D)Prolonged
128
```
Which one of the following grid types will not result in the presence of visible parallel lines on a radiograph?
A)Potter Bucky
B)Focused
C)Parallel
D)Psuedo-focused
```
A)Potter Bucky
129
```
The cloud of electrons is produced at the;
A)Anode
B)Cathode
C)Anion
D)Cation
```
B)Cathode
130
```
How much electron energy is lost via heat production?
A)20%
B)1%
C)99%
D)25%
```
C)99%
131
```
What is the filter made of that the x-rays have to pass through when leaving the tube head?
A)Copper
B)Tungsten
C)Lead
D)Aluminium
```
D)Aluminium
132
```
The anode is;
A)Positively charged
B)Negatively charged
C)Inversely charged
D)All of the above
```
A)Positively charged
133
```
The target (anode) is set at which angle?
A)20
B)25
C)30
D)35
```
A)20
134
```
Which crystals do thermo-luminescent dosemeters contain?
A)Oxalate fluoride
B)Lithium fluoride
C)Ammonium fluoride
D)Calcium fluoride
```
B)Lithium fluoride
135
```
Which one of the following is not a usual layer of x-ray film?
A)Subbing layer
B)Protective supercoat
C)Polyester base
D)Anti-halation backing
```
D)Anti-halation backing
136
Increasing the mA on an x-ray machine increases;
A)The penetration power of the x-ray beam
B)The amount of electrons produced by the cathode
C)The speed at which the electrons are accelerated across the vacuum
D)The length of time that the film is exposed to the x-ray film
B)The amount of electrons produced by the cathode
137
```
The exposure for a lateral chest x-ray has 60kV 16mA at a film focal distance of 75cm. Which one of the following exposure is the correct mA if the FFD is changed to 60cm?
A)8mA
B)19mA
C)12mA
D)14mA
```
B)19mA
138
```
Too high a kV produces;
A)A film low in contrast
B)A film low in density
C)A film high in contrast
D)A film high in density
```
A)A film low in contrast
139
```
The absorption of x-rays by a tissue depends on which one of the following?
A)Atomic number
B)Density of tissue
C)Thickness of tissue
D)All of the above
```
D)All of the above
140
Which one of the following is not a property of x-rays?
A)They are not reflected
B)They can cause fluorescence of certain materials
C)They do not travel in straight lines
D)They show different rates of absorption
C)They do not travel in straight lines
141
```
Gas on a radiograph will show up as;
A)White
B)Dark grey
C)Mid grey
D)Nearly black
```
D)Nearly black
142
```
Soft tissue on a radiograph will show up as;
A)White
B)Dark grey
C)Mid grey
D)Nearly black
```
C)Mid grey
143
```
Underdevelopment of a film will produce an x-ray that is;
A)Too pale
B)Too dark
C)Of too high contrast
D)Of little definition
```
A)Too pale
144
```
Which one of the following is not a cause of film fogging?
A)Exposure to scatter
B)Overdevelopment
C)Too low a safelight wattage
D)Chemical fumes
```
C)Too low a safelight wattage
145
```
The exposure of a radiograph of the left femur is 55 kV, 22mA at a film focal distance of 80cm. Which one of the following is the correct mA if the FFD is changed to 95cm?
A)25mA
B)27mA
C)29mA
D)31mA
```
D)31mA
146
```
Which one of the following types of anode produces limited x-ray production?
A)Rotating anode
B)Stationary anode
C)Revolving anode
D)Oscillating anode
```
B)Stationary anode
147
```
The envelope that contains the anode and cathode is made from;
A)Perspex
B)Pyrex
C)Aluminium
D)Lead
```
B)Pyrex
148
```
The focusing cup in an X-ray tube head is commonly made from which one of the following metals?
A)Nickel
B)Copper
C)Tungsten
D)Lead
```
A)Nickel
149
```
The anode is made form which one of the following metals?
A)Nickel
B)Copper
C)Tungsten
D)Lead
```
C)Tungsten
150
```
The anode of the X-ray tube head attracts;
A)Protons
B)Atoms
C)Neutrons
D)Electrons
```
D)Electrons
151
```
1% of the energy used in a tube head creates x-rays, the other 99% of the energy is converted into;
A)Kinetic energy
B)Heat
C)Monochromatic light
D)Orthochromatic light
```
B)Heat
152
```
In a stationary anode, the target is embedded in a stem of;
A)Nickel
B)Tungsten
C)Copper
D)Lead
```
C)Copper
153
```
The usable x-ray beam comes from an area of the anode called the;
A)Effective focal spot
B)Inverse focal spot
C)Actual focal spot
D)Opposing focal spot
```
A)Effective focal spot
154
Which one of the following dose kV not control?
A)The speed at which the electrons travel
B)The quantity of the electrons produced at the cathode
C)The penetration power of the x-ray beam
D)The energy of electrons
B)The quantity of electrons produced at the cathode
155
```
Which one of the following is the light sensitive part of the x-ray film emulsion?
A)Silver halide crystals
B)Potassium bromide crystals
C)Potassium silver crystals
D)Silver potassium crystals
```
A)Silver halide crystals
156
```
Which one of the following film types is sensitive to green lights?
A)Orthochromatic film
B)Polychromatic film
C)Monochromatic film
D)Trichromatic film
```
A)Orthochromatic film
157
Which one of the following radiograph studies would you use non-screen film for?
A)Lateral view of the femur
B)Caudo cranial view for the stifle
C)Dorso ventral view of the internal nares
D)Lateral thorax
C)Dorso ventral view of the internal nares
158
```
The phosphor calcium tungsten emits which colour of light when it fluoresces?
A)Green
B)Blue
C)Cyan
D)Magenta
```
B)Blue
159
```
Which one of the following is not an advantage of using intensifying screens?
A)Reduced exposure time
B)Increased tube current
C)Reduced movement blur
D)Decreased tube voltage
```
B)Increased tube current
160
Fast screen film combinations;
A)Have large silver halide crystals and large screen phosphor crystals
B)Have small silver halide crystals and small screen phosphor crystals
C)Have small silver nitrate crystals and small screen phosphor crystals
D)Have small silver halide crystals and large screen phosphor crystals
A)Have large silver halide crystals and large screen phosphor
161
Slow screen film combinations;
A)Have large silver halide crystals and large screen phosphor crystals
B)Have small silver halide crystals and small screen phosphor crystals
C)Have small silver nitrate crystals and small screen phosphor crystals
D)Have small silver halide crystals and large screen phosphor crystals
B)Have small silver halide crystals and small phosphor crystals
162
Which one of the following is not true about intensifying screens?
A)They reduce exposure time
B)They reduce the overall definition of the finished radiograph
C)They are used singly
D)They are very fragile and easily damaged
C)They are used singly
163
Screen film contact can be checked by;
A)Placing paper clips inside an x-ray cassette, exposing the film briefly to the primary beam and the processing the film
B)Placing chicken wire over the x-ray cassette, exposing the film briefly to the primary beam and then processing the film
C)Placing chicken wire over the x-ray cassette, then allowing the cassette to be exposed to while light over a period of time and then processing it
D)Placing paper clips on the outside of the cassette, exposing the cassette to the darkroom safelight for 10 mins and then processing the film
B)Placing chicken wire over the x-day cassette, exposing the film briefly to the primary beam and then processing the film
164
```
Which one of the following term best describes the term “distally”?
A)Towards the head
B)Towards the tail
C)Away from the nose
D)Away from the site of attachment
```
D)Away from the site of attachment
165
```
If a proprietary brand of screen/cassette cleaner is not available, which one of the following products would be the best?
A)Hibiscrub
B)Water
C)Pevidine
D)Saline
```
B)Water
166
After cleaning an x-ray cassette, what is the best way to leave it to dry?
A)Open, standing upright
B)Open, laying flat
C)Completely closed, laying flat
D)Partially closed, but next to a window so it dries quickly
A)Open, standing upright
167
Which one of the following is not a function of an x-ray cassette?
A)To hold the intensifying screens and protect them from damage
B)To exclude all light from the cassette
C)To Maintain a close and uniform contact between the screens and the films
D)To help insulate the animal whilst it is undergoing a radiographic examination
D)To help insulate the animal whilst it is undergoing a radiographic examiniation
168
```
Which one of the following is x-ray film not sensitive to?
A)Gamma rays
B)Radio waves
C)Ultra violet light
D)Pressure
```
B)Radio waves
169
```
A fast film requires;
A)A long exposure time
B)A short exposure time
C)An average exposure time
D)Any of the above, it doesn’t matter
```
B)A short exposure time
170
Grids are useful at absorbing;
A)Scattered radiation
B)The primary beam
C)Any stray white light that might be present during the exposure
D)Any stray gamma rays that might be around during the exposure
A)Scattered radiation
171
```
Which one of the following is a moving grid?
A)A parallel grid
B)A crossed grid
C)A potter Bucky diaphragm
D)A pseudo focused grid
```
C)A potter Bucky diaphragm
172
```
Which one of the following is the least expensive type of grid?
A)A parallel grid
B)A crossed grid
C)A focused grid
D)A pseudo focused grid
```
A)A parallel grid
173
```
The term used to describe the unprocessed image on an x-ray film is;
A)Latent image
B)Occluded image
C)Superimposed image
D)Obscured image
```
A)Latent image
174
```
The usual time an x-ray film needs to be processed for is;
A)1minute
B)1-2minutes
C)3-5minutes
D)6-7minutes
```
C)3-5minutes
175
```
Developer is;
A)Strongly acidic
B)Mildly acidic
C)Neutral
D)Alkaline
```
D)Alkaline
176
```
A common chemical used as the “stopping” agent is;
A)Acetic acid
B)Acetic trisulphate
C)Metol hydroquinone
D)Bromide chloride
```
A)Acetic acid
177
Fixing a film is done for which one of the following reasons?
A)To dissolve and remove the exposed silver halides from the x-ray film
B)To dissolve and remove the unexposed silver halides from the x-ray film
C)To dissolve and remove the anti halation backing from the film
D)To soften the emulsion; making it easier to wash and dry
B)To dissolve and remove the unexposed silver halides from the x-ray film
178
The emulsion of non screen film is thicker than that of screen film. Which one of the following changed would you make to the processing time?
A)Increase the development time and decrease the fixing time
B)Increase the development time and increase the fixing time
C)Decrease the development time and increase the fixing time
D)Decrease the development time and decreased the fixing time
B)Increase the development time and increase the fixing time
179
The accelerator “potassium carbonate” is often included in developer to;
A)Decrease the amount of development fog
B)Decrease the time it take for developer to oxidise
C)Increase the hardness of the film emulsion
D)Increase the alkalinity of the developer
D)Increase the alkalinity of the developer
180
Preservatives are included in the developer to;
A)Decrease the amount of developmental fog
B)Slow down the time it takes for the developer to oxidise
C)Increase the hardness of the film emulsion
D)Increase the alkalinity of the developer
B)Slow down the time it takes for the developer to oxidise
181
Restrainers are included in the developer to;
A)Decrease the amount of developmental fog
B)Decrease the time it takes for developer to oxidise
C)Increase the hardness of the film emulsion
D)Increase the alkalinity of the developer
A)Decrease the amount of developmental fog
182
```
A common preservative in fixer is;
A)Sodium thiosulphate
B)Sodium sulphate
C)Sodium carbonate
D)Ammonium sulphate
```
B)Sodium sulphate
183
```
A radiograph can be viewed briefly in the dark room after approximately how long in the fixer?
A)30seconds
B)2minutes
C)5minutes
D)1minute
```
D)1minute
184
```
Buffers are included in the fixer to;
A)Increase the pH of the fixer
B)Decrease the pH of the fixer
C)Maintain the pH of the fixer
D)Speed up the fixing process
```
C)Maintain the Ph of the fixer
185
```
How long should a processed radiograph by washed for in circulating water?
A)60minutes
B)45minutes
C)30-40minutes
D)20-30minutes
```
D)20-30minutes
186
```
Which one of the following is not a method of silver recovery?
A)Metallic replacement
B)Electrolytic recovery
C)Chemical precipitation
D)Electro magnetic recovery
```
D)Electro magnetic recovery
187
Lateral radiographs should be viewed so that;
A)The spine runs parallel to the top of the light box and the head points towards views left hand side
B)The spine runs vertically to the top of the light box and the head points towards the viewers right hand side
C)The spine tunes parallel to the top of the light box, with the head pointing uppermost
D)The spine runs vertically to the top of the light box, with the head pointing downwards
A)The spin runs parallel to the top of the light box and the head points towards viewers left hand side
188
```
The subbing layer of a piece of x-ray film could also be called the;
A)Adhesive layer
B)Emulsion later
C)Protective layer
D)Film base
```
A)Adhesive layer
189
```
What is the minimum lead equivalent (LE) of an apron?
A)0.25mm LE
B)0.35mm LE
C)0.5mm LE
D)0.6mm LE
```
A)0.25mm LE
190
```
Which one of the following substances is commonly used in protective clothing?
A)Tungsten
B)Lead
C)Aluminium
D)Copper
```
B)Lead
191
```
Which one of the following imaging techniques produces cross sectional views of a patients body?
A)Fluoroscopy
B)Computed tomography
C)Radionuclide imaging
D)Ultrasound scanning
```
B)Computed tomography
192
```
Which one of the following imaging techniques involves the patient having a radioactive isotope introduced to the body?
A)Fluoroscopy
B)Computed tomography
C)Radionuclide imaging
D)Ultrasound scanning
```
C)Radionuclide imaging
193
```
Which one of the following studies would you use the contrast medium barium sulphate for?
A)Cardioangiography
B)Intravenous urography
C)Sialography
D)Gastrography
```
D)Gastrography
194
```
Which one of the following is a non ionic water soluble iodine contrast medium?
A)Sodium iothalmate
B)Sodium ioxaglate
C)Iopamidol
D)Sodium diatrizoate
```
C)Iopamidol
195
```
Which one of the following is a non ionic water soluble iodine contrast medium?
A)sodium iothalmate
B)sodium ioxaglate
C)Iopamidol
D)Sodium diatrizoate
```
C)Iopamidol
196
```
X-rays and gamma rays are;
A)High in frequency, long in wavelength
B)Low in frequency, short in wavelength
C)High in frequency, medium in wavelength
D)High in frequency, short in wavelength
```
D)High in frequency, short in wavelength
197
```
X-rays are produced by;
A)Decay of radioactive material
B)X-ray machines
C)Radon gas
D)A chemical compound b)
```
B)X-ray machines
198
```
X-rays are produced when fast moving _____ hit a target at high speed;
A)Protons
B)Neutrons
C)Atoms
D)Electrons
```
D)Electrons
199
```
Kinetic energy is;
A)Energy produced by movement
B)Energy produced by sound
C)Energy produced by light
D)Energy produced by heat
```
A)Energy produced by movement
200
```
The high potential difference is measured in;
A)Millamperes
B)Kilovoltage
C)Kilowatts
D)Megahertz
```
B)Kilovoltage
201
```
Which one of the following is positively charged?
A)Anode
B)Focusing cup
C)Wire filament
D)Cathode
```
A)Anode
202
```
What percentage of energy is lost in heat production?
A)1%
B)9%
C)79%
D)99%
```
D)99%
203
```
What is the filter made of through which all x-rays have to pass, prior to leaving the tube head?
A)Tungsten
B)Copper
C)Aluminium
D)Lead
```
C)Aluminium
204
```
Which one of the following metals lines the tube head?
A)Tungsten
B)Copper
C)Aluminium
D)Lead
```
D)Lead
205
```
Which one of the following gases is not used in contrast studies?
A)Carbon dioxide
B)Room air
C)Oxygen
D)Carbon monoxide
```
D)Carbon monoxide
206
```
Which one of the following contrast media should be used for myelograms?
A)Sodium iothalmate
B)Iopamidol
C)Sodium ioxaglate
D)Sodium diatrizoate
```
B)Iopamidol
207
```
Which one of the following offers the least protection against ionising radiation?
A)Double sided, x-ray gown
B)Leaded glasses
C)Dosemeters
D)Cassette holders
```
C)Dosemeters
208
Which one of the following methods of patient restraint offers the greatest protection from radiation exposure?
A)Sedation, without holding the patient
B)Rope ties, held at a distance
C)Lead sleeves, held away from the primary beam
D)Full leaded gloves, apron
A)Sedation, without holding the patient
209
```
Which one of the following parts of the x0ray machine limits primary beam size and lessens secondary radiation exposure to personnel?
A)Aluminium filter
B)Line voltage compensator
C)Light beam diaphragm
D)Lead lined tube head
```
C)Light beam diaphragm
210
```
Which one of the following gives an increased chance of being exposed to ionising radiation?
A)Increased tube voltage
B)Repeated exposure
C)Longer film focal distance
D)Using a potter Bucky diaphragm
```
B)Repeated exposure
211
```
If a radiographer doubles his/her distance from the primary beam, e.g. moves from 2 metres to 4 metres, which one of the following would be the dose of radiation that they received?
A)1/5
B)1/4
C)1/2
D)1/10
```
B)1/4
212
Which one of the following times is it acceptable to have part of your body in contact with the primary beam?
A)When your hands are protected with lead gloves
B)When a patient is too ill to be restrained in any other way, e.g. a ruptured diaphragm
C)When a large animal x-ray needs to be taken and there is no other way of supporting the x-ray other than by holding it
D)None of the above, it is never acceptable to have part of your body exposed to the primary beam
D)None of the above, it is never acceptable to have part of your body exposed to the primary beam
213
What is the cause of dark branches running across a processed radiograph?
A)Static electricity that has been discharged during film handling
B)Developer time is too quick
C)Somebody opening the cassette and exposing the film to white light briefly
D)Too great and exposure of the film to the safelight
A)Static electricity that has been discharged during film handling
214
Which one of the following would decrease the likelihood of radiographs turning yellow over a period of time?
A)Allowing more time for the radiograph to be fixed
B)Allowing more time for the radiograph to be washed
C)Decreased the time the radiograph spends in the developer
D)Increased the time that the radiograph is in the stop bath
A)Allowing more time for the radiograph to be fixed
215
```
Which one of the following safelight filters in commonly used when handling Orthochromatic film?
A)Dark brown
B)Yellow brown
C)Dark green
D)Dark red
```
D)Dark red
216
```
Which one of the following safelight filters is used when handling monochromatic film?
A)Dark red
B)Dark green
C)Brown
D)Blue
```
C)Brown
217
```
Which one of the following is the main source of scattered radiation?
A)Cathode
B)Patient
C)Anode
D)Cassette
```
B)Patient
218
```
Which is the correct sequence when processing a film manually?
A)Develop, fix, wash, dry
B)Fix, wash, develop, stop, dry
C)Develop, stop, fix, wash, dry
D)Wash, develop, stop, fix, dry
```
C)Develop, stop, fix, wash, dry
219
```
Which one of the following is the correct sequence when using an automatic processor?
A)Develop, fix, wash, dry
B)Fix, wash, develop, stop, dry
C)Develop, stop, fix, wash, dry
D)Wash, develop, stop, fix, dry
```
A)Develop, fix, wash, dry
220
```
If you increase the film to object distance, then the image is;
A)Magnified
B)Blurred
C)Lighter
D)Darker
```
A)Magnified
221
```
Which one of the following terms best describes the distance from the tube head to the film cassette?
A)Focal object
B)Object film distance
C)Effective focal distance
D)Film focal distance
```
D)Film focal distance
222
```
If the mA is 60 and the seconds is 0.2, what should the mAs be set to?
A)12
B)9
C)6
D)3
```
A)12
223
```
When calculating exposure times, if the mA is 50 and the times is 0.25 seconds, what should the mAs be set to?
A)8.5
B)10
C)12.5
D)14
```
C)12.5
224
```
Dichroic fog is caused by;
A)Exhausted developer
B)Static electricity
C)Insufficient washing
D)Scattered radiation
```
C)Insufficient washing
225
```
Patchy film density may be cause by;
A)Film is not agitated in developer
B)Exhausted filter
C)kV too low
D)Fogging
```
A)Film is not agitated in developer
226
```
Yellow-brown patches may occur as a result of;
A)Exhausted developer
B)Insufficient fixing
C)Overdevelopment
D)Chemical splashes on film
```
B)Insufficient fixing
227
```
Which one of the following is not responsible for image blurring?
A)Patient movement
B)Scattered radiation
C)Fogging
D)Insufficient washing
```
D)Insufficient washing
228
```
Which one of the following is not responsible for fogging an x-ray image?
A)Underexposure
B)Exposure to white light before fixing
C)Scattered radiation from the patient
D)Prolonged storage
```
A)Underexposure
229
```
Insufficient washing of an x-ray film may give rise to;
A)Fogging
B)Pink- green stains
C)Blurring
D)Soot and whitewash appearance
```
B)Pink-green stains
230
```
When measuring urine output during canine surgery which one of the following would be acceptable minimum output?
A)7-8ml/kg/h
B)5-6ml/kg/h
C)3-4ml/kg/h
D)1-2ml/kg/h
```
D)1-2ml/kg/h
231
```
A 20kg dog needs 60ml/h infusion with a standard drip set. Which of the following would be correct?
A)1 drop/3 seconds
B)3 drops/1 second
C)6 drops/1 second
D)1 drop/6 seconds
```
A)1 drop/3 seconds
232
```
How much of a newborn animals body wight is water?
A)25-30%
B)30-40%
C)50-60%
D)75-80%
```
D)75-80%
233
```
The commonest cations and anions found in the ECF are;
A)k+ + c1
B)Na+ + c1
C)Ca2 + HCO2
D)Mg2+ + c1
```
B)Na+ + c1
234
```
Which one of the following is the largest fluid compartment in the body?
A)Extracellular fluid
B)Interstitial fluid
C)Intracellular fluid
D)Plasma water
```
C)Intracellular fluid
235
```
Inevitable or insensible fluid loss occurs through with one of these routes?
A)The gastrointestinal tract
B)The Respiratory tract
C)The urinary tract
D)In vomitus
```
B)The Respiratory tract
236
```
What percentage of the total body water is contained within the Intracellular fluid?
A)25%
B)40%
C)60%
D)75%
```
B)40%
237
```
A 5% solution contains which one of the following?
A)5g of solvent in 100ml of solvent
B)5g of solvent in 100ml of solute
C)5g of solute in 1000ml of solvent
D)5g of solute in 1000ml of solute
```
A)5g of solvent in 100ml of solvent
238
```
Which one of the following cations is present in greatest abundance in the Intracellular fluid?
A)Calcium
B)Magnesium
C)Potassium
D)Sodium
```
C)Potassium
239
```
Which two ions are present in greatest abundance in plasma?
A)Potassium and chloride
B)Potassium and phosphate
C)Sodium and bicarbonate
D)Sodium and chloride
```
D)Sodium chloride
240
```
What is the volume of water required per 34 hours to maintain normal water balance in a healthy dog?
A)10-20ml/kg
B)40-60ml/kg
C)80-120ml/kg
D)150-200ml/kg
```
B)40-60ml/kg
241
```
What is the normal volume of urine produced by a healthy dog in 24hours?
A)10ml/kg
B)20ml/kg
C)50ml/kg
D)100ml/kg
```
B)20ml/kg
242
```
What is the normal range of blood pH in the dog?
A)7.00-7.20
B)7.00-7.50
C)7.15-7.25
D)7.35-7.45
```
D)7.35-7.45
243
```
Which one of the following is a crystalloid solution?
A)Dextran 70
B)Haemaccel
C)0.9% sodium chloride
D)Whole blood
```
C)0.9% sodium chloride
244
```
Intro which anticoagulant is blood for transfusion normally collected?
A)Acid citrate dextrose
B)EDTA
C)Fluoride
D)Heparin
```
A)Acid citrate dextrose
245
Which one of the following combinations of ions below are the principal ions in Hartman’s solution?
A)Sodium, chloride, bicarbonate
B)Sodium, chloride, bicarbonate, potassium
C)Sodium, potassium
D)Potassium, phosphate, bicarbonate
B)Sodium, chloride, bicarbonate, Potassium
246
```
What is the normal range of central venous pressure in a healthy dog?
A)3-7cm H20
B)3-7mm Hg
C)10-15cm H20
D)10-15mmHg
```
A)3-7cm H20
247
```
At what percentage dehydration does loss of skin elasticity occur in the dehydrated animal?
A)2%
B)5%
C)7%
D)12%
```
B)5%
248
```
Which one of the following fluids in hypertonic with respect to body fluid?
A)Dextran 70
B)Haemaccel
C)0.18% sodium chloride with 4% dextrose
D)0.9% Sodium chloride
```
A)Dextran 70
249
```
Which one of the following conditions is most likely to lead to metabolic alkalosis?
A)Apnoea
B)Diarrhoea
C)Vomiting
D)Diabetic crisis
```
C)Vomiting
250
```
A 10kg dog is put onto intravenous fluids at a rate of 1.5times maintenance. What is the total daily volume it needs and how many drips per minute should you set if the giving set delivers 20drops/ml?
A)500:7 drops per minute
B)750:10 drops per minute
C)500:10 drops per minute
D)750:7 drops per minute
```
B)750:10 drops per minute
251
A burette giving set is often used to administer fluids to small dogs and cats because;
A)Fluids can be giving faster than using a conventional giving set
B)Small volumes can be given accurately
C)The apparatus heats the fluid
D)The vein is more likely to stay patent
B)Small volumes can be given accurately
252
```
Central venous pressure measures the pressure in the;
A)Left atrium
B)Left ventricle
C)Right atrium
D)Right ventricle
```
C)Right atrium
253
```
A 12.5kg mongrel has been vomiting for 3 days and is estimated to be 8% dehydrated. What approximate fluid volume should you give a rehydrate this dog?
A)500ml
B)1000ml
C)2000ml
D)2240ml
```
1000ml
254
```
Which one of the following solution would you give intravenously to maintain an animal once it had been rehydrated?
A)Hartmann’s solution
B)Plasma
C)5% dextrose
D)0.18 sodium chloride, 4% dextrose
```
D)0.18sodium chloride, 4% dextrose
255
```
If you wished to maintain a 36kg dog Ona drip and you needed to give 2160ml over 24hours, how fast would you set the drip? (Assume that 1ml = 20 drops)
A)1 drop per second
B)1 drop every 2 seconds
C)1 drop every 3 seconds
D)2 drops per second
```
B)1 drop every 2 seconds
256
```
They type of water which makes up about 5% of the animals total body weight is;
A)Intracellular fluid
B)Extracellular fluid
C)Plasma
D)Synovial fluid
```
C)Plasma
257
```
Which one of the following conditions would result in a primary water deficit?
A)Unconsciousness
B)Vomiting
C)Diarrhoea
D)Burns
```
A)Unconsciousness
258
```
The anticoagulant which is used when collecting blood for blood transfusion is;
A)Acid citrate dextrose ACD
B)Heparin
C)EDTA
D)Fluoride oxalate
```
A)Acid citrate dextrose ACD
259
```
Central venous pressure provides an indication of the state of an animals circulation. What is the normal central venous pressure in small animals?
A)3-7cm water
B)150-160mm water
C)3-7mm Hg
D)150-160mm Hg
```
A)3-7cm water
260
```
Which one of the following is hypertonic with respect to plasma?
A)Dextran 70
B)Haemaccel
C)0.18% NaC1 with 4% dextrose
D)0.9% NaC1
```
A)Dextran 70
261
```
How is inevitable fluid lost?
A)In vomitus
B)The Gastro-intestinal tract
C)The Respiratory tract
D)The urinary tract
```
C)The Respiratory tract
262
```
How much of an adult dogs total body weight is water?
A)40%
B)60%
C)20%
D)15%
```
B)60%
263
```
Which one of the following is found within the cells of body tissues?
A)Transcellular fluid
B)Plasma water
C)Interstitial fluid
D)Intracellular fluids
```
D)Intracellular fluids
264
```
Which one of the following is found in the spaces between the cells?
A)Transcellular fluid
B)Plasma water
C)Interstitial fluid
D)Intracellular fluid
```
C)Interstitial fluid
265
```
Which one of the following is found within the vascular compartments?
A)Transcellular fluid
B)Plasma water
C)Interstitial fluid
D)Intracellular fluids
```
B)Plasma water
266
```
Plasma contains which one of the following as its main cation?
A)Potassium
B)Sodium
C)Chloride
D)Magnesium
```
B)Sodium
267
```
Plasma contains which one of the following as its main anion?
A)Potassium
B)Sodium
C)Chloride
D)Magnesium
```
C)Chloride
268
Which one of the following is classed as an inevitable water loss?
A)Water lost through excretion of faeces
B)Water lost through excretion of urine
C)Water lost through excretion of vomiting
D)Water lost via The Respiratory tract
D)Water lost via The Respiratory tract
269
```
An animal can suffer primary water depletion through having the condition diabetes insipidus. Which one of the following is also a source of primary water depletion?
A)Prolonged inappetance
B)Vomiting
C)Diarrhoea
D)Wound drainage
```
A)Prolonged inappetance
270
```
Potassium depletion can occur from which one of the following conditions?
A)Acute renal failure
B)Urethral obstruction
C)Addisons disease
D)Vomiting
```
D)Vomiting
271
```
If an animal is urinating at a rate of 0.4ml/kg/h you could say it was suffering from;
A)Oliguria
B)Dysuria
C)Polyuria
D)Anuria
```
A)Oliguria
272
```
Respiratoy alkalosis can be cause by;
A)Impaired ventilation
B)Over ventilation
C)Increased levels of carbon dioxide
D)Cerebral oedema
```
B)Over ventilation
273
```
The volume of blood which can be collected from a dog for transfusion is;
A)5-10ml/kg
B)10-20ml/kg
C)15-25ml/kg
D)20-30ml/kg
```
B)10-20ml/kg
274
```
The volume of blood which can be collected from a cat for transfusion is;
A)20ml
B)30ml
C)40ml
D)50ml
```
C)40ml
275
```
In which one of the following anticoagulants would you store blood at 4% for 4weeks?
A)Acid citrate dextrose
B)Citrate phosphate dextrose
C)Ethylene diamine tetra acid
D)Lithium heparin
```
B)Citrate phosphate dextrose
276
```
Which one of the following is not a type of Vasculogenic shock?
A)Neurogenic shock
B)Hypovolaemic shock
C)Endotoxic should
D)Anaphylactic shock
```
C)Endotoxic should
277
```
How much fluid should you give a 25kg dog over 24 hours for maintenance?
A)1000ml
B)1250ml
C)1500ml
D)1750ml
```
B)1250ml
278
```
A 6kg cat has a PCV of 45%. What is the fluid deficit (assuming the baseline is 50%)?
A)1200ml
B)900ml
C)600ml
D)300ml
```
C)600ml
279
```
A 20kg dog has a known PCV of 38%. It is now dehydrated and its PCV 56%. What is the fluid deficit?
A)2700
B)3000
C)3300
D)3600
```
D)3600
280
```
How many drops/ml does a normal giving set usually deliver?
A)15-20drops/ml
B)20-30drops/ml
C)50drops/ml
D)60drops/ml
```
A)15-20drops/ml
281
```
A 12kg dog has a known PCV of 45%. It’s PCV is now 55%. How many ml of fluid per minute would you give the patient over a 24hour period?
A)0.80ml per minute
B)1.25ml per minute
C)1.65ml per minute
D)2.10ml per minute
```
A)0.80ml per minute
282
```
Using a giving set that delivers 20 drops per ml, what will the flow rate be for a 25kg dog over 24hours, assuming a maintenance requirement of 50ml/kg/24hours?
A)Approx 1 drop per 12 seconds
B)Approx 1 drop per 5 seconds
C)Approx 1 drop per 3 seconds
D)Approx 1 drop per 1 second
```
C)Approx 1 drop per 3 seconds
283
```
Plasma can be stored for 6 months at;
A)-70c
B)-50c
C)-40c
D)-30c
```
A)-70c
284
```
Which one of the following fluids is hypertonic in respect to plasma?
A)Ringer solution
B)Haemaccel
C)5% Dextrose
D)Dextrans
```
D)Dextrans
285
```
Which one of the following fluids would be best to rehydrate a patient who is suffering from post gastric losses?
A)0.9% sodium chloride
B)Ringers lactate
C)0.18% sodium chloride in 4% dextrose
D)Sodium bicarbonate
```
B)Ringers lactate
286
A dehydrated 20kg dog is placed on an intravenous drip at 1.5times maintenance (assume maintenance is 50ml/kg/day) What is the total daily volume required and what should the drip rate be if the giving set delivers 20drops/ml?
A)1500ml total, at approx 21 drops per minute
B)1500ml total, at approx 10 drops per minute
C)750ml total, at approx 21 drops per minute
D)750ml total, at approx 10 drops per minute
A)1500ml total, at approx 21 drops per minute
287
```
A dehydrated dog weighing 10kg is placed on a drip at 2 times maintenance for 24 hours (assuming maintenance is 50ml/kg/day) Assuming the giving set delivers 20 drops/ml, how often should a drop be delivered?
A)Every 13-14 seconds
B)Every 7-8seconds
C)Every 5-6seconds
D)Every 3-4 seconds
```
D)Every 3-4seconds
288
A dehydrated 4kg cat is placed on IV fluids at 1.5 times maintenance for 24hours (assuming maintenance is 50ml/kg/day) What is the total volume of fluid requested, and what would the drip rate be if the giving set delivers 15drops/ml?
A)150ml total, at approx 3 drops per minute
B)300ml total, at approx 6drops per minute
C)150ml total, at approx 6 drops per minute
D)300ml total, at approx 3 drops per minute
D)300ml total, at approx 3 drops per minute
289
```
An RTA animal weighing 10kg is to be treated with 1hour fluids for 24hours at maintenance rate. What is the drop rate selected if the giving set administers 20 drops per ml?
A)Approx 2-3drops/min
B)Approx 4-5drops/min
C)Approx 6-7drops/min
D)Approx 7-8drops/min
```
C)Approx 6-7drops/min
