Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Clinical food and microbiology > 3. URTI > Flashcards

3. URTI Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Gourmet Food flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are common bacteria associated with URTI? (>50%)

A

V. streptococci
Anaerobic microorganisms
H. influenzae
C. albicans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are occassional residents of URTI? (>10%)

A

Streptococcus pyrogenes
Streptococcus penumoniae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are organisms associated with colonisation of URT following antibiotic treatment? (<1%)

A

Coliforms
pseudomonas sp.
C. albicans - fungi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How do microorganisms become professional invaders?

A
  • adhere to normal mucose
  • avoid host surface
  • damage to local tissue; production of invasins and exotoxins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What do secondary invaders do?

A

They cause disease when host defences are impaired.
- post viral infection
-compromised immune response
- foreign bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are upper respiratory tract infections?

A
  • common cold
  • oral candidiasis
  • sinusitis
  • pharyngitis/ tonsilitis
  • acute epiglottitis
  • otitis (media/externa)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the clinical manifestation of a common cold (coryza)?

A
  • incubation period 2-4 days
  • nasal discharge, sneezing, sore throat
  • lead to laryngitis, tracheitis
  • seasonal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are common organism of coryza?

A

Viruses: Rhinovirus, RSV(infants), coronavirus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the treatment of coryza?

A

Paracetamol, antibiotics not indicated for common cold

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the clinical manifestation of oral candidiasis?

A
  • changes in flora upsets balance and causes overgrowth of fungi
  • causes raw inflamed mucous membranes, white fungal plaques
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are predisposing factors for oral candidiasis?

A
  • broad spectrum antibiotics
  • contraceptive pill
  • systemic steroids
  • chemotherapy
  • immunosuppression - HIV
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the causative microorganism for oral candidiasis?

A

Candida Albicans - fungi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is treatment for oral candidiasis?

A
  • Nystatin or clotrimazole pastilles (1 pastille 4 times a day)
  • For HIV patients: fluconazole 100mg (14-30 days)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of sinusitis?

A

facial pain localised tenderness and swelling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are the causative organisms of sinusitis?

A

usually viral but bacterial infection can occur due to secondary invaders; S.pneumoneae and H.influenzae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the treatment for sinusitis?

A
  • no treatment if viral
  • amoxicillin 125.200mg, tds, 3-7days
  • augmentin for beta lactamase producing bacteria 250mg, 3-7 days
  • doxycycline 100mg daily, 3-7 days
  • erythromycin 250-500mg, qds
17
Q

What is the clinical manifestation of pharyngitis/ tonsillitis?

A

common in children, fever, sore throat, cervical lymphadenopathy; purulent discharge

18
Q

What are the causative microorganisms of pharyngitis/ tonsillitis?

A
  • viruses; main cause 70% eg. adenovirus
  • bacteria; Sterptococcus pyogenes or Neisseria gonorrhoea (rare)
19
Q

What is the treatment for pharyngitis/ tonsillitis?

A
  • viral; no treatment
  • penicillin; 500mg qds
  • cephalexin; 500mg qds
  • erythromycin; 500mg qds
20
Q

What are post streptococcal tonsillitis complications?

A
  • peritonsillar abscess (PTA, quinsy)
  • rheumatic fever (autoimmune)
  • glomerulonephritis (autoimmune)
  • scarlet fever (toxin-associated)
21
Q

What is the mechanism of streptococcal pathogenicity?

A
  • ability to colonise the host and invade tissues
  • ability to bypass host defences
  • ability to damage host through production of toxins
22
Q

What are the roles of F-protein and M-protein in adhesion?

A

F-protein is surface expresses and recognises the host cell fibronectin

M-protein is anchored in cytoplasmic membrane and protrudes fimbrae.
it mediates adherence to epithelial cells.
its highly antigenic.

23
Q

How does a hyaluronic acid capsule aid evasion of host defences?

A
  • it is identical to human substance, avoiding immune detection
    -it binds to cellular hyaluron receptor CD44 mediating adherence and invasion
24
Q

How do immunoglobulin binding proteins aid evasion of host defences?

A

they bind to Fc region of IgG and IgA preventing opsonisation

25
Q

How does C5a peptidase aid evasion of host defences?

A

it is a surface protein which inactivates C5a which limits recruitment of PMNs to site of infection

26
Q

What are some virulence factors that are secreted?

A
  • Streptolysin O
  • DNAase
  • Stretokinase
  • Hyaluronidase
27
Q

Lab investigation for streptococcal tonsillitis

A
  • non-culture techniques; microscopy to detect inflammation
  • culture; enriched blood agar
    or neomycin selective agar
28
Q

How would you see basic identification ofStreptococcus pyogenes?

A
  • colonial appearance; 1-2mm grey colonies, entire edge, surrounded by a large zone of beta-haemolysis
  • bacitracin sensitive; large zone of inhibition provides presumptive identification of S. pyrogenes
29
Q

How would you see full identification of Streptococcus pyogenes?

A
  • lancefield grouping; detection of group specific CHO cell wall antigen
    Group A - agglutination
30
Q

What are common antibiotics for treating URTI?

A
  • Beta-lactams
  • Tetracyclines
  • Macrolides
31
Q

What are Beta-lactams?

A

they bind to membrane bound PBP resulting in cell lysis.
- examples: penicillin, amoxicillin, cephalosporins and augmentin
- side effects; hypersensitivity, anaphylactic shock, D&V

32
Q

What are Tetracyclines?

A

they inhibit protein synthesis, preventing aminoacyl tRNA from binding to the 30S subunit of the ribosome.
- examples; tetracycline, doxycycline, oxytetracycline, minocycline
- side effects; deposits in growing teeth and bone (staining), D&V

33
Q

What are macrolides?

A

they inhibit protein synthesis; bind to rRNA in the 50s subunit and block translocation preventing release of tRNA
- examples; erythromycin, azithromycin, clarythromycin
- side effects; nausea, D&V

Clinical food and microbiology (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions