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Pathology > 3- Tissue Renewal and Repair > Flashcards

3- Tissue Renewal and Repair Flashcards

1
Q

What is regeneration?

A

It’s when a tissue proliferates it’s cells to replace lost structures.

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2
Q

Repair is a combination of what 2 processes?

A

Regeneration and scar formation by collagen deposition.

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3
Q

What are some examples of continuously dividing cells?

A

cells that continuously divide throughout life – present in tissues that slough off dead cells constantly, such as skin, oral cavity, vagina, GI, cervix, all gland entrances, bone marrow, and hematopoietic

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4
Q

What are quiescent cells?

A

I call them “quiet” cells because they have a very low level of replication.

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5
Q

What will happened if a quiescent cell is “awakened” from it’s slumber?

A

They can have a burst of activity to rapidly proliferate and divide.

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6
Q

What types of tissues are quiescent?

A

Liver, kidney, and pancreas

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7
Q

What types of tissues have cells that are nondividing?

A

Neurons, Skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle

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8
Q

Why is damage to nondividing cell tissues especially bad?

A

Because they cannot undergo repair or regeneration of the tissue. The damage is almost permanent.

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9
Q

Embryonic stem cells can form what types of cells?

A

ALL CELLS. They’re pluripotent.

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10
Q

Where are adult stem cells located?

A

Niches, or locations of high division (cornea, skin, GI)

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11
Q

How does obligatory asymmetric replication maintain stem cell populations?

A

1 daughter cell replicates itself, the other daughter differentiates down their pathways.

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12
Q

How does stochastic differentiation maintain stem cell populations?

A

stem populations are balanced by having 1 cell create 2 replicating cells and 1 cell creating 2 differentiation cells

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13
Q

What are the 2 areas of the skin where the adult stem cell niches reside?

A

Lower layer of epidermis and buldge of hair follicle

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14
Q

What are the 2 areas of the intestine where the adult stem cell niches reside?

A

Case of crypt, above paneth cells

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15
Q

What are the 2 areas of the cornea where the adult stem cell niches reside?

A

limbus region, between conjunctiva and cornea

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16
Q

What is the 1 area of the liverwhere the adult stem cell niche resides?

A

in the canals of hering

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17
Q

What can the hemopoietic stem cells (HSC’s) make?

A

all the blood cell lineages and some bone marrow after damage.

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18
Q

What can the marrow stromal cells (MSC’s) make?

A

Theyre multipotent cells that can make chondrocytes, osteoblasts, adipocytes and myoblasts (basically all the “building” cells)

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19
Q

What types of cells do the adult stem cells make when normal hepatocyte proliferation is blocked?

A

Progenitor cells –> Oval cells –> hepatocytes and biliary cells

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20
Q

Neural precursor cells in the SVZ and dentate gyrus makes what type of cells?

A

neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocyts. (not much is known when or what activates these cells)

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21
Q

Adult stem cells in the skin make what type of cells?

A

Hair follicle cells and cells of the epidermis. Buldge stem cells are active when the skin is injured.

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22
Q

What happens during the G1 phase of the cell cycle?

A

Cell growth

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23
Q

What happens during the S phase of the cell cycle?

A

Replication of DNA

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24
Q

What proteins does the G1/S checkpoint involve?

A

Cyclins and CDK’s

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25
Q

What is the function of CDK inhibitors?

A

They sense DNA damage –> inhibit CDK –> don’t allow cell to go into S phase

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26
Q

What is “checked” at the G2/M checkpoint before mitosis happens?

A

Checks for damaged or unduplicated DNA

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27
Q

What is the G0 phase of the cell cycle?

A

Nondividing phase, where the cells sit in quiescence.

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28
Q

Epidermal growth α (EGF)- source

A

Platelets, macrophages, fluids

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29
Q

Epidermal growth α- function

A

stimulates keratinocytes migration and granulation tissue formation

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30
Q

Transforming growth factor α (TGF-α)- source

A

macrophages, lymphocytes, karatinocytes, many tissues

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31
Q

TGF-α- function

A

Similiar to EGF, stimulates replication of hepatocytes and most epithelial cells

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32
Q

Heparin-binding EGF- source

A

macrophages, mesenchymal cells

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33
Q

Heparin-binding EGF- function

A

keratinocyte replication

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34
Q

Hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (HGF)- source

A

mesenchymal cells

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35
Q

HGF- function

A

proliferation of hepatocytes, epithelial cells and endothelial cells

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36
Q

Vascular endothelial cell growth factor (VEGF)- source

A

Many cells

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37
Q

VEGF- function

A

increases vascular permeability, mitogenic for endothelial cells, ANGIOGENESIS

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38
Q

Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)- source

A

platelets, macrophages, endothelial cells, keratinocytes, smooth muscle cells

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39
Q

PDGF- function

A

chemotactic for WBC’s, activates WBC’s, stimulates angiogenesis and wound contraction

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40
Q

Fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF)- source

A

macrophages, mast cells, T lymphocytes, endothelial cells, fibroblasts

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41
Q

FGF- function

A

chemotactic, mitogeneic and stimulatory of fibroblasts. Also angiogenesis, wound contraction and matrix deposition

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42
Q

Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β)- source

A

platelets, T cells, macrophages, endothelial cells, keratinocytes

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43
Q

TGF-β- function

A

chemotactic for PMN’s, stimulates TIMP synthesis, angiogenesis and FIBROGENESIS

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44
Q

BMP’s- source

A

smooth muscle cells, fibroblasts

45
Q

BMP’s- function

A

inhibits production of MMP’s and keratinocyte proliferation

46
Q

Keratinocyte growth factor (also called FGF-7)- source

A

Fibroblasts

47
Q

KGF- function

A

Stimulates keratinocyte migration, proliferation and differentiation

48
Q

Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)- source

A

macrophages, mast cells, T cells

49
Q

TNF- function

A

activates macrophages, regulates other cytokines, multiple fxns

50
Q

What is autocrine signaling?

A

When a cell signals itself

51
Q

What is paracrine signaling?

A

When a cell signals its neighbors.

52
Q

What is endocrine signaling?

A

When a cell signals far away places, typically transported through the blood.

53
Q

What is the main type of receptor that growth factors use?

A

Intrinsic Tyrosine Kinase

54
Q

What type of receptors are most plasma protein receptors?

A

G-proteins

55
Q

Where are the steroid receptors located within the cell?

A

The nucleus

56
Q

What is the function of transcription factors?

A

responsible for what genes are turned on and off due to whatever is going on in and out of the cell

57
Q

What type of animals can regenerate most of their tissues? (bonus bonus bonus bonus bonus question)

A

Urodele amphibians

58
Q

Since we cannot fully regenerate our limbs and other tissues, what type of “regeneration” do mammals use (think liver)?

A

Compensatory regeneration, where a part of the organ or tissue is regenerated if damaged or missing.

59
Q

Why is the extracellular matrix (ECM) essential for wound healing?

A
  1. provides the framework for cell migration. 2. maintians correct cell polarity, 3. participates in forming new blood vessels (angiogenesis)
60
Q

What are the 2 fibrous structural proteins of the ECM that provide tensile strength and recoil?

A

Collagen and elastins

61
Q

What are the functions of the adhesive glycoproteins in the ECM?

A

connects the matrix components to one another, and connects the matrix to cells.

62
Q

What are the main functions of proteoglycans and hyaluronans for the ECM?

A

Provides resilience and lubrication

63
Q

Is regeneration possible if the ECM is damaged?

A

No. The ECM is essential for the scaffolding for tissue regeneration.

64
Q

At what stage is Vitamin C required for the formation of collagen?

A

It’s required for the hydroxylation of procollagen

65
Q

Where is collagen type I found?

A

in hard and soft tissues

66
Q

What types of disorders are found with defects in collagen type I?

A

Osteogenesis imperfecta

67
Q

Where is collagen type II found?

A

cartilage, intervertebral disk

68
Q

What type of collagen makes up the basement membrane?

A

Type IV

69
Q

What is the morphology of elastic fibers?

A

They have a central core of Elastin surrounded by a peripheral network of Microfibrils

70
Q

What does fibrillin do?

A

Serves as a scaffolding for the deposition of elasin and the assembly of elastic fibers.

71
Q

What if there is a defect in fibrillin? What disorder is that called?

A

Marfan syndrome

72
Q

What is the homotypic interaction of CAMs?

A

Interaction between the same cells

73
Q

What is the heterotypic interaction of CAMs?

A

Interaction between different cell types

74
Q

What type of CAM on the endothelial cell wall is upregulated during an infection to bind to leukocytes?

A

Selectins

75
Q

What is the function of α catenin and β catenin for cadherins?

A

They link cadherin to the cytoskeleton.

76
Q

Cadherin participates in interactions between cells of the same or different types?

A

Same type

77
Q

What type of ion do cadherins require?

A

Ca++ (Ca—dherins)

78
Q

What 2 cell-cell junctions are included in the cadherin family?

A

zonula adherens, desmosomes

79
Q

What types of cancer could result from a change in cadherins?

A

breast and gastric cancer

80
Q

Which type of CAM binds to fibronectins and integrins, and connects cells together?

A

Integrins

81
Q

What is the most abundant glycoprotein in the ECM? (this will be a test Q)

A

Laminin

82
Q

Where are glycossaminoglycans (GAGs) located?

A

ECM

83
Q

Hyaluronan is a GAG that binds a lot of what?

A

Water

84
Q

Why is hyaluranon important?

A

It binds water and forms a hydrated gel that acts like a lubricant in joints and other places.

85
Q

What do proteoglycans do?

A

They regulate connective tissue structure and permeability.

86
Q

What is the difference between angiogenesis and vasculogenesis?

A

Angiogeneis is blood vessel formation in adults from preexisting endothelial precursor cells and vasculogenesis is blood vessel formation in the embryo.

87
Q

If there is angiogenesis from a pre-existing vessel, which factors induce its process to begin?

A

bFGF, VEGF

88
Q

When does angiogenesis occur from a pre-existing vessel?

A

When there is collateral circulation to an ischemic tissue.

89
Q

Describe the process of angiogenesis from a preexisting vessel

A

vasodilation by NO and VEGF –> proteolytic degradation of the basement membrane –> migration of endothelial cells toward angiogenic stimulus –> proliferation of endothelial cells –> maturation of endothelial cells –> recruitment of periendothelial cells (stabilization of new vessel)

90
Q

Where do endothelial precursor cells (EPC’s) come from?

A

Bone marrow

91
Q

What do EPC’s do?

A

they are recruited to initiate angiogenesis in progressive diseases (wounds, tumors, ischemic organs)

92
Q

What is the function of the Notch pathway?

A

It promotes the proper branching of new vessels and prevents excessive angiogenesis by decreasing the responsiveness to VEGF.

93
Q

Which mediator is used in the notch pathway?

A

DLL4

94
Q

What are the 2 ways that VEGF stimulates angiogenesis?

A

induces the migrations of EPCs from bone marrow, and enhances the proliferation and differentiation of these cells at the site of angiogenesis

95
Q

What are the 3 stages of cutaneous wound healing?

A

inflammation –> proliferation –> maturation

96
Q

An incision leads to what type of healing (1st or 2nd intention)? Why?

A

1st intention. Since there is limited epithelial and CT cell death, a continulous BM disruption, there is easy re-epithelialization to close the wound.

97
Q

An excision leads to what type of healing (1st or 2nd intention)? Why?

A

2nd intention. There is extensive loss of cells, has an inflammatory rxn, theres granulation and collagen deposition.

98
Q

An excisional wound leads to what type of scar?

A

A substantial scar with contraction.

99
Q

What types of systemic things affect wound healing?

A

nutrition, metabolic status, circulatory status, and hormones

100
Q

What types of local things affect wound healing?

A

infection, mechanical factors, foreign bodies, size, location and type of wound.

101
Q

What is the hallmark of tissue repair?

A

Granulation tissue

102
Q

When might wound dehiscence occur?

A

Vomiting, coughing, or ileus can generate mechanical stress on an abdominal wound

103
Q

Why might ulceration occur?

A

result of inadequate vascularization during healing

104
Q

What is a hypertrophic scar?

A

a raised scar that results from excess collagen (usually post big trauma)

105
Q

What is a keloid?

A

a hypertrophic scar that grows beyond the boundaries of the original wound and does not regress

106
Q

When might a contraction occur with a scar?

A

Contractures are commonly seen after serious burns and can compromise the movement of joints

107
Q

What is fibrosis?

A

excessive deposition of collagen and other ECM components in tissue, typicall in chronic inflammatory diseases

108
Q

What is the most fibrogenic agent? (will be a test Q)

A

TGF-beta

Pathology (4 decks)

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