3 Thermodynamics

Question 1

0th law of thermodynamics

Answer 1

1 = 2 = 3

thermal equilibrium means no net heat flow

Question 2

3rd law of thermodynamics

Answer 2

entropy of perfectly organized crystal = 0 at absolute zero

Question 3

fahrenheit celsius

Answer 3

F = (9/5)C + 32

Question 4

kelvin celsius

Answer 4

K = C + 273

Question 5

fahrenheit scale:

• absolute zero
• freezing point of water
• boiling point of water

Answer 5

absolute zero: -460
freezing point of water: 32
boiling point of water: 212

Question 6

celsius scale:

• absolute zero
• freezing point of water
• boiling point of water

Answer 6

absolute zero: -273
freezing point of water: 0
boiling point of water: 100

Question 7

kelvin scale:

• absolute zero
• freezing point of water
• boiling point of water

Answer 7

absolute zero: 0
freezing point of water: 273
boiling point of water: 373

Question 8

thermal expansion of solid

Answer 8

delta L = (alpha)(L)(delta T)

alpha: coefficient of linear expansion
L: original length
delta T: change in temperature

Question 9

thermal expansion of liquid

Answer 9

delta V = (beta)(V)(delta T)

beta: coefficient of volumetric expansion
V: original volume
delta T: change in temperature

Question 10

system

Answer 10

portion of universe we are interested in observing/manipulating
(everything else = surroundings)

Question 11

isolated system

Answer 11

not capable of exchanging energy with surroundings

Question 12

closed system

Answer 12

capable of exchanging energy, but NOT matter, with surroundings

Question 13

open

Answer 13

capable of exchanging both energy and matter with surroundings

Question 14

1st law of thermodynamics

internal energy

Answer 14

internal energy:

delta U = Q - W

change in internal energy = heat flow - work

Question 15

positive change in internal energy

Answer 15

increase in temperature

Question 16

positive heat flow

Answer 16

heat flow into system

Question 17

positive work

Answer 17

work done by system (expansion)

Question 18

negative change in internal energy

Answer 18

decrease in temperature

Question 19

negative heat flow

Answer 19

heat flow out of system

Question 20

negative work

Answer 20

work done on system (compression)

Question 21

conduction

Answer 21

direct transfer via molecular collisions

Question 22

convection

Answer 22

physical motion of fluid over a material

only liquid and gas

Question 23

radiation

Answer 23

transfer of energy via electromagnetic waves

Question 24

specific heat of water

Answer 24

1 cal / (g x K) = 4.184 J / (g x K)

Question 25

heat gained/lost and change of temperature equation

Answer 25

q = mc (delta T)

Question 26

heats of transformation

Answer 26

phase change

temperature does not change until FULL phase change is complete

q = mL

q: amount of heat gained/lost
m: mass
L: heat of transformation (latent heat)

Question 27

liquid to solid

solid to liquid

Answer 27

melting point

heat of fusion

Question 28

liquid to gas

gas to liquid

Answer 28

boiling point

heat of vaporization

Question 29

isothermal thermodynamic process

Answer 29

delta U = 0

So, Q = W

Question 30

adiabatic thermodynamic process

Answer 30

Q = 0

So, delta U = -W

Question 31

isobaric thermodynamic process

Answer 31

constant pressure

no special form

Question 32

isovolumetric (isochoric) thermodynamic process

Answer 32

W = 0

So, delta U = Q

Question 33

2nd law of thermodynamics

equation

Answer 33

energy will spontaneously disperse, unless hindered from doing so

heat transfer for two objects in contact

delta S = Q(rev) / T

Question 34

entropy

Answer 34

delta S(universe) = delta S(system) + delta S(surroundings) > 0

“natural” reactions are negative S and irreversible