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History (French Revolution) - Evidence > 3. The Emergence and Spread of the Terror > Flashcards

3. The Emergence and Spread of the Terror Flashcards

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1
Q

When was the Republic founded in France? - The Terror

A

The National Convention declared France a republic on the 22nd September 1792.

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2
Q

When was the Edict of Fraternity issued? What did this decree? - The Terror

A

The Edict of Fraternity was issued on the 19th November 1792, decreeing that all people who wish to recover their liberty would be offered assistance by the French.

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3
Q

When was the Amoire de Fer discovered? What was this? - The Terror

A

The Amoire de Fer was discovered in the 20th November 1792. This was a series of papers discovered showing Louis’ correspondence with the Austrian Royal Family. This proved the King’s counter-revolutionary activities.

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4
Q

When was Louis tried before the Convention? - The Terror

A

Louis was tried between the 15th-17th of January 1793.

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5
Q

How many people voted guilty at Louis’ trial? How many voted innocent? - The Terror

A

At Louis’ trial 693 deputies voted for Louis’ guilt, with no one voting against. There were, however, abstentions.

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6
Q

How many people voted for Louis to be executed following his guilty verdict? What was the majority of this vote? - The Terror

A

Louis was voted to be executed by 361 votes, a majority of 1.

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7
Q

When was Louis executed? - The Terror

A

Louis was executed on the 21st January 1793 at the Place de la Revolution.

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8
Q

How many victims of the Terror were there between 1792 and 1794? - The Terror

A

Between 1792 and 1794, there were 40,000 victims of the Terror.

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9
Q

How many cases did the Revolutionary Tribunal deal with between September and December 1793?

A

Between September and December 1793, the Revolutionary Tribunal dealt with 500,000 cases.

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10
Q

In the early stages of the Terror, what percentage of executions were of the nobility? - The Terror

A

In the early stages of the Terror, only 9% of the victims were from the Nobility.

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11
Q

How many people were guillotined in the Terror in the Vendée? What OTHER methods were used to execute the Vendéeans? - The Terror

A

In the Vendée, 7873 people were guillotined during the Terror. Furthermore, people were shot without trial and even part of mass drownings.

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12
Q

When did dechristianisation become an official policy of the Paris Commune? What methods were used to fulfil this? - The Terror

A

Dechristianisation became an official policy of the Commune in October 1793, with this facilitated by removing or vandalising statues, crosses and religious ornaments. The figures on the Notre Dame were all executed.

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13
Q

How many clerics lived in Paris before dechristianisation? How many clerics lived in Paris after dechristianisation? - The Terror

A

Paris had over 6000 clerics prior to dechristianisation, with only a few hundred following the Terror.

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14
Q

What was the Festival of Reason? When was it held? - The Terror

A

The Festival of Reason was held in November 1793, with an opera singer representing Liberty sitting on a throne and being attended to in order to respect revolutionary ideals. This was held at the Temple of Reason in Notre Dame.

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15
Q

When was the Law of 14 Frimaire II passed? What did this determine? - The Terror

A

The Law of 14 Frimaire II was passed on the 4th December 1793. This gave the CPS powers over local government, ministers, generals and representatives on mission, whilst it also closed down popular societies.

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16
Q

What was the fate of Hébert and the Hébertists? When did this happen? - The Terror

A

Hébert and the Hébertists were arrested following rumours of a plot to massacre Convention members, with them executed in March 1794.

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17
Q

What was the fate of the Indulgents? When did this happen? - The Terror

A

The Indulgents were arrested following allegations of bribery and financial corruption. Danton, Desmoulins and others were then put to trial in April 1794.

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18
Q

How many people were executed between March and June 1794? - The Terror

A

Over 1000 people were executed between March and June of 1794.

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19
Q

When was the Cult of the Supreme Being established? What was this? - The Terror

A

The Cult of the Supreme Being was established in March 1794, with this being a deist celebration of a Supreme Being rather than a Christian God. This was an attempt to reverse previous dechristianisation.

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20
Q

When was the Law of 22 Prairial passed? What did this determine? - The Terror

A

The Law of 22 Prairial was passed in May 1794. This centralised all revolutionary justice by closing provincial tribunals, reducing trials to a maximum of 3 days, only allowing verdicts of acquittal or death, removing deputies’ immunity from prosecution and removing defences and witnesses.

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21
Q

When was the Great Terror? How many people were put to death during this period? - The Terror

A

The Great Terror lasted from June-July 1794. 1284 people were put to death during this period.

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22
Q

What percentage of executions during the Great Terror were nobles? What percentage were bourgeoisie? What does this say about this phase of the Terror? - The Terror

A

During the Great Terror, 35% of executions were nobles and 40% were bourgeoisie. This demonstrates that this phase of the Terror was heavily class based compared to earlier stages.

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23
Q

When was the Coup of Thermidor? - The Terror

A

The Coup of Thermidor happened on the 27th July 1794.

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24
Q

When was a decree for the ‘levée en masse’ made by the CPS? - The Terror

A

The ‘levée on masse’ was decreed on the 21st August 1793.

25
Q

How many men were in France’s military by 1794? - The Terror

A

France had 1 million men in their military by 1794.

26
Q

How many generals were executed in 1793 following the command of Carnot and Saint-Just? - The Terror

A

1793 saw the execution of 17 generals on the orders of Saint-Just and Carnot.

27
Q

In what month/year did the Siege of Dunkirk begin, Republican troops crush Marseille rebels and the British invade Toulon? - The Terror

A

The Siege of Dunkirk, republicans crushing Marseille rebels and the invasion of Toulon took place in August 1793.

28
Q

In what month/year did Lyons surrender to Republicans, Republicans beat Vendéean rebels at Cholet and Republican troops recapture Marseilles? - The Terror

A

Republicans recaptured Marseilles, defeated Vendéean rebels and recaptured Lyons in October 1793.

29
Q

In what month were the Vendéean rebels ultimately defeated at Le Mans and Republican forces entered Toulon? - The Terror

A

Vendéean rebels were defeated at Le Mans and Republican forces entered Toulon in December 1793.

30
Q

Who murdered Marat and when? How did this impact the actions of the Sans-Culottes? - The Terror

A

Marat was murdered in July 1793 by Charlotte Corday, with this increasing discontent and anger amongst the Sans-Culottes, leading to riots which were also caused by grain shortages and unemployment.

31
Q

When were the armées révolutionnaires established? Who were they and what were they tasked with? - The Terror

A

The armées révolutionnaires were established on the 9th September 1793 as Sans-Culotte paramilitary groups intended to force farmers to surrender grain, attacking hoarders. They were paid and armed.

32
Q

When was the Law of Suspects passed? What did this determine? - The Terror

A

The Law of Suspects was passed on the 17th September 1793, determining that the definition of a suspect would be changed to allow people to be arrested on account of conduct, relationships, words or writings.

33
Q

When was the New Law of the General Maximum introduced? What did this determine? - The Terror

A

The New Law of the General Maximum was introduced on the 29th September 1793, replacing the earlier (ineffective) law on price controls. It created a maximum price for grain, flour, meat, oil, soap etc. as well as WAGE CONTROLS.

34
Q

When did France declare war on Great Britain and the United Provinces? - The Terror

A

France declared war on Great Britain and the United Provinces in February 1793.

35
Q

In what month/year did the Prussians take Verdun and the French win at the Battle of Valmy under Dumouriez? - The Terror

A

The French won the Battle of Valmy but had Verdun taken by the Prussians in September 1792.

36
Q

In what month/year did the French take Mainz and Frankfurt and the Prussians retreat from Verdun and Longwy? - The Terror

A

The French took Mainz and Frankfurt as well as saw the Prussians withdraw from Longwy and Verdun in October 1792.

37
Q

In what month/year did France annex territory in the Rhine to form the Republic of Mainz? - The Terror

A

France annexed the Republic of Mainz from the Rhine in March 1793.

38
Q

In what month/year did the Austrians begin to besiege the Republic of Mainz? - The Terror

A

The Austrians began to besiege the Republic of Mainz in April 1793.

39
Q

In what month/year did the British begin to blockade French ports? What example is there of this? - The Terror

A

The British began blocking French ports in June 1793, such as Toulon.

40
Q

In what month/year did the French withdraw from the Republic of Mainz, leading to it collapsing? - The Terror

A

The French withdrew from the Republic of Mainz in July 1793, with it collapsing as a result.

41
Q

What action by the Republic prompted the rising in the Vendée? - The Terror

A

The Republic issued a levy for 300,000 men to be raised to support the war effort.

42
Q

When did the rising in the Vendée begin? - The Terror

A

The Vendée rising began in March 1793.

43
Q

How many men did the Convention send in May 1793 in an attempt to dispel the revolt in the Vendée? - The Terror

A

The Convention sent 30,000 troops to the Vendée in May 1793 in an attempt to reduce the rebellion in the area.

44
Q

When did the Convention decree the destruction of the Vendée? - The Terror

A

The Convention decreed the Vendée’s destruction on the 1st August 1793.

45
Q

How many soldiers did the Convention send to the Vendée in September 1793? When did this army begin to suppress the rebellion? - The Terror

A

The Convention sent 100,000 soldiers to the Vendée in September 1793, with this group not being fully successful until December.

46
Q

When did the Convention introduce the Committee of General Security? What was the purpose of this body? - The Terror

A

The Committee of General Security (CGS) was introduced in October 1792. This was intended to take responsibility for policing and the administration of justice. Had to report to the Convention (centralisation of power).

47
Q

When was the Revolutionary Tribunal established? What were its roles and powers? - The Terror

A

The Revolutionary Tribunal was established in March 1793, with it intended to try counter-revolutionaries. Made up of five judges, a prosecutor and jurymen.

48
Q

When was a revolutionary law passed that allowed the execution of rebels bearing arms within 24 hours? - The Terror

A

A revolutionary law was passed allowing the execution of rebels bearing arms within 24 hours in March 1793.

49
Q

When was the Committee of Public Safety (CPS) established? What was its purpose? - The Terror

A

The CPS was established in April 1793, with this responsible for the conduct of war, control of the army, control of supplies and application of revolutionary wars.

50
Q

By what percentage did food prices rise between 1791 and 1793? - The Terror

A

Food prices rose by 90% between 1791 and 1793.

51
Q

When did 8000 sans-culottes surround the National Convention demanding price controls on bread? - The Terror

A

8000 sans-culottes surrounded the Convention on 3rd May 1793.

52
Q

On what date were the Girondins expelled from the National Convention? Why was this? - The Terror

A

The Girondins were expelled from the Convention on 2nd June 1793 after the Convention was surrounded by populist Sans-Culottes revolters.

53
Q

How many sans-culottes surrounded the National Convention, leading to the expulsion of the Girondins? - The Terror

A

80-100,000 sans-culottes surrounded the Convention, forcing the Deputies to expel the Girondins.

54
Q

How many of the 83 départements protested against the Girondin expulsion? What examples are there of this? - The Terror

A

60 of the 83 départements were involved in the Federalist Revolt against the expulsions, including areas such as Lyons, Toulon, Marseilles and Bordeaux.

55
Q

How did the people of Toulon advance their anti-revolutionary sentiment beyond the actions of other areas? - The Terror

A

Toulon merged their federalist revolt with royalist action, proclaiming Louis XVII as King of France. They also invited English and Spanish troops into the city.

56
Q

When was Toulon retaken by the French from occupation? Who aided this retaking of the port? - The Terror

A

Toulon was retaken in December 1793, largely down to the strategic planning of a young general, Napoleon Bonaparte.

57
Q

What were some terms of the Jacobin Constitution? - The Terror

A

The Jacobin Constitution allowed universal male suffrage, allowed every man to express themselves through direct political action and stated that everyone should have access to work or state support if they were unable to work.

58
Q

When did the Federalist Revolt begin? When were the threats from most of these risings dealt with by? - The Terror

A

The Federalist Revolt began on the 29th May 1793, with most revolts dealt with by December 1793.

59
Q

When did General Dumouriez defect to the Austrians? - The Terror

A

General Dumouriez defected to the Austrians in April 1793.

History (French Revolution) - Evidence (6 decks)

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