3 - The brain Flashcards
A researcher wants to study the effects of sleep deprivation on cognitive performance but does not inform participants that they may experience distress. Which ethical principle is most clearly violated?
a) Debriefing
b) Informed consent
c) Confidentiality
d) Voluntary participation
e) Protection from harm
Answer: (b) Informed consent
A psychology experiment finds a p-value of 0.048. Which of the following statements is most accurate?
a) The null hypothesis is rejected at the 0.05 threshold.
b) There is a 4.8% chance that the effect is real.
c) The results are highly significant and should be trusted.
d) The effect size must be large.
e) The study is invalid because p-values should be below 0.01.
Answer: (a) The null hypothesis is rejected at the 0.05 threshold
Why might an experiment produce statistically significant results but still be scientifically meaningless?
a) The effect size is too small to be meaningful.
b) The sample size is too large, making tiny differences appear significant.
c) p-hacking or researcher bias could have influenced results.
d) Statistical significance does not imply causation.
e) All of the above
Answer: (e) All of the above
A psychologist runs multiple analyses on the same dataset until they find a significant result. This is an example of:
a) Data dredging
b) p-hacking
c) Confirmation bias
d) Type I error
e) A Type II error
Answer: (b) p-hacking
Which of the following best describes the replication crisis in psychology?
a) Studies with statistically significant results are more likely to be published.
b) Many psychological studies fail to replicate when repeated.
c) Research often relies on small sample sizes and poor statistical methods.
d) Some widely accepted psychological effects may be overstated or unreliable.
e) All of the above.
Answer: (e) All of the above
If the axon hillock of a neuron is damaged, which function would be most impaired?
a) Receiving neurotransmitters from nearby neurons
b) Generating action potentials
c) Releasing neurotransmitters at the axon terminal
d) Transporting neurotransmitters down the axon
e) Recycling synaptic vesicles
Answer: (b) Generating action potentials
If a dopamine antagonist is administered to a person, what will most likely happen?
a) Dopamine levels will increase.
b) Dopamine receptors will become overactive.
c) Dopamine signaling will decrease.
d) The person will experience enhanced reward processing.
e) Neurons will release more dopamine to compensate.
Answer: (c) Dopamine signaling will decrease
Which type of glial cell is primarily responsible for producing myelin in the central nervous system?
a) Schwann cells
b) Astrocytes
c) Oligodendrocytes
d) Microglia
e) Ependymal cells
Answer: (c) Oligodendrocytes
If a neuron fails to repolarize after an action potential, what is the most likely cause?
a) Sodium channels failed to open.
b) Potassium channels failed to open.
c) The neuron lacks dendrites.
d) The axon hillock was overactive.
e) The synaptic cleft was blocked.
Answer: (b) Potassium channels failed to open
Which brain area is most involved in forming new declarative memories?
a) Amygdala
b) Cerebellum
c) Hippocampus
d) Thalamus
e) Basal ganglia
Answer: (c) Hippocampus
A person with Parkinson’s disease has degeneration in which part of the brain?
a) Cerebellum
b) Hypothalamus
c) Basal ganglia
d) Hippocampus
e) Amygdala
Answer: (c) Basal ganglia
If a person has difficulty recognizing faces, which brain region is likely damaged?
a) Hippocampus
b) Fusiform gyrus
c) Amygdala
d) Prefrontal cortex
e) Basal ganglia
Answer: (b) Fusiform gyrus
Which of the following symptoms is most likely associated with amygdala damage?
a) Loss of coordination
b) Reduced fear responses
c) Memory impairment
d) Inability to process sound
e) Loss of muscle strength
Answer: (b) Reduced fear responses
A lesion in Broca’s area will most likely result in:
a) Inability to understand speech
b) Inability to produce fluent speech
c) Complete hearing loss
d) Loss of vision in the left visual field
e) Paralysis in the right leg
Answer: (b) Inability to produce fluent speech
The somatic nervous system controls:
a) Heart rate and digestion
b) Voluntary muscle movement
c) Reflexive spinal cord responses
d) Involuntary hormone release
e) Sympathetic nervous system activation
Answer: (b) Voluntary muscle movement
Which of the following functions is most closely linked to the hypothalamus?
a) Memory formation
b) Homeostasis and hormone regulation
c) Voluntary muscle movement
d) Visual processing
e) Language production
Answer: (b) Homeostasis and hormone regulation
Which system is activated during stress and danger?
a) Somatic nervous system
b) Parasympathetic nervous system
c) Sympathetic nervous system
d) Central nervous system
e) Endocrine system
Answer: (c) Sympathetic nervous system
Damage to the right parietal lobe is most likely to result in:
a) Hemispatial neglect
b) Blindness
c) Loss of voluntary movement
d) Language impairment
e) Memory deficits
Answer: (a) Hemispatial neglect
The HPA axis is most directly involved in:
a) Memory consolidation
b) Stress response and cortisol regulation
c) Voluntary movement
d) Language processing
e) Conscious awareness
Answer: (b) Stress response and cortisol regulation
Which system controls rest and digestion?
a) Sympathetic nervous system
b) Parasympathetic nervous system
c) Somatic nervous system
d) Endocrine system
e) Motor cortex
Answer: (b) Parasympathetic nervous system
Let me know if you’d like modifications or additional questions!
