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TPR: MCAT Pysc + Sociology > 3. Research Methods and Study Design > Flashcards

3. Research Methods and Study Design Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 7 steps of experimental design?

A
  1. Select a population
  2. Operational Variables (Independent/dependent variables)
  3. Select control and experimental groups.
  4. Randomly sample from population
  5. Randomly assign individuals to a group.
  6. Measure results
  7. Test the hypothesis
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2
Q

What do you consider when selecting a population?

A

Is the population to restrictive. Sampling all interest groups is not ideal

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3
Q

Independent Variable/Dependent Variable

A

An independent variable is a variable that is manipulated to determine the value of a dependent variable (s). The dependent variable is what is being measured.

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4
Q

Treatment group

A

experimental, point of reference,

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5
Q

Control group

A

group that serves as as the comparison.

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6
Q

Control group should be _________.

A

homogenous. This rules out extraneous/ confounding variables (other variables outside of the treatment that could explain the experimental results)

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7
Q

Placebo effect

A

just believing that the treatment is given can lead to a measurable result.

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8
Q

How do you combat placebo effect?

A

To combat this the study should be double blind study = neither the admin nor the participant know who is in the experimental; or control group

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9
Q

Sampling bias?

A

if it is not equally likely for all members of a population to be sampled.

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10
Q

Selection bias?

A

is the bias introduced by the selection of individuals, groups or data for analysis in such a way that proper randomization is not achieved, the population sample is not a true representation of the population.

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11
Q

Meta analysis?

A

is a big picture analysis of many studies to look for trends in data

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12
Q

Randomized block technique?

A

randomly assign people from groups (where do the participants fall w/in the variables they wish to equalizes across control and experimental groups) = so treatment and control groups are similar along variables of interest.

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13
Q

Another word for Construct validity is ________

A

replicability- are they able to produce stable and consistent results

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14
Q

Psychometric

A

the study of how to measure psychological variables through testing

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15
Q

Response Bias

A

respondents do not have good insight on their state, or provide inaccurate results.

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16
Q

What research design is where a comparison is made w/in one group and another ?

A

Between subject design

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17
Q

What research design is where a comparison the same group at different points of time?

A

Within subject design

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18
Q

What is the combination of any research techniques?

A

Mixed Methods research

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19
Q

Type 2 error?

A

false negative

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20
Q

Type 1 error

A

false positive

21
Q

Null hypothesis?

A

assume there is no relationship between the variables and any effect they can measure.

22
Q

Experimental hypothesis?

A

the independent variable will cause change on the dependent variable

23
Q

p-Value ?

A

a number from 0 to 1 that determines if the difference observed in the experiment occurred by chance

24
Q

At what p-value do reject your p-value?

A

P<0.05 = reject your null hypothesis.

25
Q

External Validity

A

flaws and limitations that make it difficult to apply to the outside world

26
Q

Internal Validity

A

doubts in the conclusion due to poor experimental design

27
Q

Demand characteristics

A

tendency for participants to act (consciously or subconsciously) in ways they are expected to behave.

28
Q

Predictive Validity

A

what can we predict about the variable of interest.

29
Q

What are some threats to internal validity ?

A
  1. Impression mangement
  2. Confounding Variables
  3. Lack of reliability
  4. Sampling Bias
  5. Attrition Effects
  6. Demand Characteristics
  7. Experimental design does not reflect the real world.
  8. Selection criteria is too restrictive
  9. Situational effects
  10. Lack of situational power
30
Q

Impression Management?

A

Participants adapt responses to social norms, not double blind study –> Hawthorne Effect

31
Q

Confounding Variables

A

Outside Variables not accounted for w/ in the study , offers an alternative explanation of results , lack of a useful control.

32
Q

Lack of reliability ?

A

Measurement tools don’t measure properly

33
Q

Sampling Bias?

A

Selection criteria is not random.

34
Q

Attrition Effects

A

Participant fatigue, participant drops out of study.

35
Q

The presence of the laboratory environment changes the outcome. (MRI machine makes someone claustrophobic) is a example of what effects

A

Situational effects

36
Q

Because sample size is too small a sample groups have a high variability this creates a ___________.

A

Lack of situational power

37
Q

Disclosure

A

an outline given to participants that outline that clarifies incentives, expectations and their right to terminate.

38
Q

Debriefing

A

what participants are told after the experiment, exactly what was done and the why it was done.

39
Q

Correlation studies ?

A

the relationship between two quantitative variables

40
Q

Pearson Correlation

A

assigns a number from -1 to +1 negative number represents a negative correlation and vice versa. 0 equals no correlation.

41
Q

Ethnographic studies

A

researchers immerse themselves in the culture and society of the people that they are studying.

42
Q

Twin Studies

A

test the relationship between nurture and nature studies heritability

43
Q

Longitudinal Studies

A

how individuals develop over time along some research variable

44
Q

What is a Case Study?

A

studying an individual or a case.

45
Q

Phenomenological Studies

A

studies interested in describing a phenomena using introspective methods to explore research questions.

46
Q

what is the collecting information /data reported by individuals

A

Survey

47
Q

What is analyzing already collect data from historical records/ original docs

A

Archival Studies

48
Q

What study accounts for a individual experience ?

A

Biographical studies

49
Q

What study in which individuals are observed and outcomes measured w/o any effort to control them ?

A

Observational Studies

TPR: MCAT Pysc + Sociology (2 decks)

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