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IGCSE Biology > 3. Reproduction And Inheritance > Flashcards

3. Reproduction And Inheritance Flashcards

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1
Q

Sexual reproduction

A
  • genetically varies offspring
  • two parent cells involved
  • fertilisation
  • gamete’s produced via meiosis, followed by mitosis
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2
Q

Asexual reproduction

A
  • genetically identical offspring
  • one parent cell involved
  • no fertilisation
  • cell division by mitosis
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3
Q

Similarity of sexual and asexual reproduction

A

Both create new individuals

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4
Q

Alleles

A

An alternative form of a gene

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5
Q

Dominant

A

Allele of gene that is expressed

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6
Q

Recessive

A

Allele not expressed in phenotype when dominate allele is present

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7
Q

Homozygous

A

Both chromosomes have the same allele (tt and TT)

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8
Q

Heterozygous

A

Both contain the one of each allele (Tt and Tt)

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9
Q

Phenotype

A

The characteristic that is expressed

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10
Q

Genotype

A

Combination of the alleles

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11
Q

Gene

A

Section of a molecule of DNA that codes for a specific protein

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12
Q

Genome

A

The entire DNA of an organism

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13
Q

Co dominant

A

Both alleles are expressed in the phenotype

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14
Q

Pollen

A

Gamete produced in anther which is part of the male stamen of the flower

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15
Q

Ova

A

Gamete produced in ovules found in the ovary within the female carpel of the flower

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16
Q

Cross-pollination

A

The transfer of pollen from the anther of one flower to the stigma of another flower

17
Q

Insect pollinated flower

A
  • stamen is enclosed within flower
  • stigma is enclosed within flower and sticky
  • petals are large and brightly coloured
  • nectaries produce sugary fluid to attract insects
18
Q

Will pollinated flower

A
  • stamen exposed outside of petal
  • stigma exposed outside of petal, often feathery
  • petals are small and usually green
  • no nectaries
19
Q

Structural adaptations of insect pollinated flowers will..

A

Attract insects to them and ensure insects push close to stamens/stigmas within the flower

20
Q

Structural adaptations of wind pollinated flowers will..

A

Make sure that their stamens and stigma are exposed to the wind, achieved by having small dull coloured petals

21
Q

How can plants reproduce asexually by natural methods and artificial methods

A

Natural method - runners (a new plant is produced where the runner twitches the ground
Artificial method - cuttings (piece of plants stem with leaves is cut from healthy plant and planted into damp composts, where it grows roots and develops into a new plant)

22
Q

Role of FSH and where it’s produced

A

Produced - pituitary gland
Matures the egg and stimulates release of oestrogen

23
Q

Role of oestrogen and where it’s produced

A

Produced in ovary
Thickens uterus lining ready for embryo to implant/secondary sexual characteristics
Peaks at ovulation at day 14
Stimulates release of LH and inhibits release of FSH

24
Q

Role of LH and where it’s produced

A

Produced in pituitary gland
Stimulates ovulation and release of egg into oviduct

25
Q

Role of progesterone and where it’s produced

A

Produced in ovary
Maintains uterus lining
Menstruation occurs
Increases after ovulation, graph drops causing shed of uterus lining

26
Q

Cell produces when an egg is fertilised

A

Zygote

27
Q

How is the developing embryo protected by amnotic fluid

A

Maintains constant and stable environment
Protection from jolts/injury and temperature change

28
Q

How is the developing embryo protected by amnotic fluid

A

Maintains constant and stable environment
Protection from jolts/injury and temperature change

29
Q

How does the structure of the placenta enable efficient exchange of substances between fetus and mother

A
  • blood supply maintains concentration gradient for diffusion
  • close distance between fetus blood and mother creates short diffusion distance
  • villi increases surface area for diffusion
  • capillary network brings nutrients to fetus and removes waste
30
Q

Role of human placenta

A
  • provide fetus with oxygen from mother
  • provides nutrients from digested food (glucose + amino acids)
  • removes waste products like carbon dioxide
  • provides antibodies to prevent fetus from infection
  • produces hormones
31
Q

How do some molecules allow active transport to occur in cells of fetus

A
  • glucose and oxygen provided used for respiration
  • ATP released in respiration is used for active transport

IGCSE Biology (5 decks)

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