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Hematology Exam 1 > 3. RBCs, Blood Functions and the Reticuloendothelial System > Flashcards

3. RBCs, Blood Functions and the Reticuloendothelial System Flashcards

1
Q
  1. 3 What are key features of Erythrocyte structure?
    - Shape of disk?
    - Surface area?
    - Flexibility
    - Organelles?
    - Repair?
    - Synthesized where?
A

Biconcave disk with a large surface area for gas exchange and flexibility

Mature RBCs are non-nucleated and do not have organelles

Cannot reproduce, make protein, repair, and have limited ability to make ATP

Synthesized in Red Bone Marrow at 200 billion/day

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2
Q

3.4 Where is red bone marrow found in an adult?

A
  1. Flat bones (sternum, ribs, and cranial bones)
  2. Irregular bones - coxal, vertebrae, and scapulae
  3. Epiphyses of long bones - femur and humerus
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3
Q

3.5 What are the four types of bone?

A
  1. Long
  2. Short
  3. Flat
  4. Irregular
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4
Q
  1. 6 Where is yellow marrow found?

- What can yellow marrow do in case of severe blood loss?

A

Yellow marrow is found in medullary cavity

In cases of severe blood loss, body can convert yellow marrow back to red marrow to increase blood cell production

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5
Q
  1. 8 Where are RBC’s produced?
    - For adults
    - In the fetus?
A

Adults - RBC synthesized in red bone marrow

Fetus - RBC synthesized in liver and spleen (extramedullary erythropoiesis)

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6
Q

3.8 For adults, when can extramedullary erythropoiesis occur?

A

It may occur when diseases destroy or fibrose bone marrow

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7
Q

3.8 In children, until what age are blood cells produced in the marrow cavities of all bones?

A

For children, blood cells made in all bone marrow until age 20, when all bones except the humerus and femur become inactivated.

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8
Q

3.9 What is special about progenitor cell or colony forming units?

A

They are stem cells that have committed to differentiating into cells such as red blood cells, platelets, monocytes, and the granulocytes. (Slightly more specific than pluripotential stems cells)

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9
Q

3.10 What is the most important growth factor for erythropoiesis?

A

EPO - erythropoietin - released from the kidneys (and the liver)

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10
Q
  1. 10 RBCs actually enter the circulation as what type of cell?
    - Do they have nuclei at this stage?
    - They remain for a few days in which organs in order to mature to erythrocytes?
A

Reticulocytes, which still contain organelles

They have just ejected their nuclei

They remain in either bone marrow or spleen to mature.

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11
Q

3.10 What are the absolute ingredients for making normal RBC’s?

A

Amino acids, iron, folic acid, and vitamin B12

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12
Q

3.11 What is characteristic of reticulocytes in blood smears?

A

A very slight basophilc staining at the cell;s periphery (faint purple spots)

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13
Q

3.12 What kind of feedback loop is involved in erythropoiesis?

A

Negative feedback loop

  • As RBCs and red cell mass increase, more O2 is delivered to tissues - the kidneys sense this and EPO (erythropoietin) levels drop.
  • When O2 is low (hypoxia) - EPO rises and RBC production increases until normal O2 levels
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14
Q

3.13 What are similarities between RBC membranes and most other cell membranes?

What is the difference?

A

RBC and most other cell membranes have a lipid bilayer made of phospholipids, cholesterol, carbohydrates, and proteins (both integral and peripheral).

Difference is that the RBC protein component only contains 10-15 major protein types and many minor proteins.

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15
Q

3.13 What are the similarities between RBC cytoskeleton and most other cell cytoskeletons?

What is the difference?

A

RBC cytoskeleton consists of various protein filaments.

However, the proteins in RBCs are uniquely expressed and not found in other cell types.

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16
Q

3.14 What are six examples of RBC integral membrane proteins?

A

BAND 3
Glycophorins
Aquaporin-1
GLUT-1
Na+/K+ ATPase (pumps) - Na+ out and K+ in
Ion channels and exchangers (Na+, K+, others)

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17
Q
  1. 14 Describe BAND 3
    - What percentage of total protein?
    - Function?
    - Physical linkage of what?
A

Constitutes about 25% of total membrane protein

Functions in anion transport, resulting in one-for-one exchange of bicarbonate for chloride across the membrane (Chloride shift)

Provides physical linkage of lipid bilayer to underlying membrane skeleton

18
Q
  1. 14 Describe Glycophorins

- Function?

A

Negatively charged protein that reduces the interaction of red cells with one another and with other cells

19
Q
  1. 14 Describe Aquaporin-1

- Function?

A

Serves as selective pores for water transport (water channels)

20
Q
  1. 15 Describe GLUT 1

- Function?

A

Enables facilitated diffusion of glucose into the cytosol of RBC’s

21
Q

3.16 What are four examples of peripheral and cytoskeleton proteins of RBCs?

A

Ankyrin
Protein 4.1
Protein 4.2
Spectrin

22
Q

3.16 What is the most important function of the peripheral and cytoskeleton proteins of RBCs?

A

Most important is to provide the red cell with a flexible, yet mechanically resilient and stable membrane - this allows RBC to travel through very narrow blood vessels and not burst

23
Q
  1. 19 What is hereditary spherocytosis?

- How do they appear in blood smears?

A

A disease that is caused by defects in red cell proteins. Characterized by the production of RBCs that are sphere-shaped rather than bi-concave disk shaped.

RBCs are abnormally small and lack the central pallor (paleness).

24
Q

3.20 What typically occurs to abnormally shaped RBC’s?

A

They tend to undergo hemolysis and suffer pre-mature destruction

Hemoglobin structural abnormalities and formation problems alter RBC shape.

25
Q
  1. 21 RECAP slide
    - Two ways that O2 is transported in blood?
    - In what form does hemoglobin transport CO2?
A

O2 transport:

  • Bound to hemoglobin (98.5%)
  • Dissolved in Plasma (1.5%)

30% of total CO2 transported as carbaminohemoglobin or carboxyhemoglobin

26
Q
  1. 22 RECAP slide
    - Hemoglobin have 4 polypeptide chains with what groups?
    - Each polypeptide chain has what ring?
A

Each polypeptide chain has a sulfhydryl group (-SH) that must be kept in reduced form

Each polypeptide chain contains a heme “ring”

27
Q
  1. 22 RECAP slide
    - What state is the iron in the hemoglobin heme ring?
    - What are normal adult hemoglobin sometimes called?
A

Iron is in the ferrous (reduced) state (FE2+) which binds O2

Normal adult hemoglobin sometimes called a2b2

28
Q
  1. 23 RECAP slide
    - Hemoglobin-Oxygen dissociation slide
    • At P(O2) of 100 mmHg, hemoglobin is what % oxygen saturated?
    • At P(O2) of 40 mmHg, hemoglobin is what % oxygen saturated?
    • At P(O2) of 25 mmHg, hemoglobin is what % oxygen saturated?
A

100 mmHg - 98-100% saturated
40 mmHg - 75% saturated
25 mmHg - 50% saturated

29
Q

3.27 What RBC maintenance processes require energy?

A
  1. Red cell membrane integrity
  2. Red cell shape
  3. Hemoglobin sulfhydryl groups must be maintained in reduced forms
  4. Iron must be kept in reduced form
  5. Ion gradients

Note that oxygen transport itself doesn’t require energy - this is just maintenance

30
Q

3.27 What occurs to a RBC that has insufficient energy to maintain itself?

A

Ionic gradients fail and the RBC adopts a spherical shape (spherocyte)

31
Q
  1. 28 What is a RBC’s main source of energy?
    - What proteins does erythrocyte glucose metabolism exclusively rely on?
    - What are the three important products of glucose metabolism?
A

Glucose is the main source

Erythrocyte glucose metabolism depends exclusively on cytosolic proteins

Three products: ATP, NADH, NADPH

32
Q
  1. 28 Why is ATP needed by RBC’s?

- Why is NADH needed by RBC’s?

A

ATP - main energy source for maintaining ion gradients

NADH - Required to maintain hemoglobin’s iron in the ferrous (reduced state) - Fe2+

33
Q

3.28 Why is NADPH needed by RBC’s?

A

Required to maintain glutathione on the red cell in its reduced form. Reduced glutathione appears to be essential for maintaining normal red-cell structure and normal hemoglobin.

Glutathione helps convert harmful hydrogen peroxide (from oxide radicals) into water

34
Q

3.30 One molecule of glucose generates how much ATP and how much NADH?

What percentage of glucose is metabolized this way?

A

2 molecules of ATP and 2 molecules of NADH generated

About 90% of glucose metabolized this way

35
Q

3.31 Through what metabolic process is NADPH generated?

What percentage of glucose is utilized this way?

A

Pentose phosphate pathway (hexose monophosphate shunt) - 2 NADPH made this way

10% of glucose utilized this way

36
Q

3.31 How is glycolysis linked to the pentose phosphate pathway?

A

Glucose 6-P

  • If oxidized, enters the pentose phosphate pathway with Glucose-6-P dehydrogenase
  • If isomerized to Fructose-6-P, goes to glycolysis
37
Q
  1. 32 Average lifespan of RBC?
    - What organs remove dead or deteriorating RBC’s?
    - What is the waste product of RBC degradation?
A

90-120 days

Dead RBC’s removed by liver and spleen

Waste product of RBC degradation if bilirubin

38
Q
  1. 34 Where is the spleen located?
    - What type of trauma often injures this organ?
    - What do you call the removal of the spleen?
A

Left Upper Quadrant

Injured in abdominal trauma

Splenectomy = removal of spleen

39
Q

3.35 RBC’s shrink in hypertonic or hypotonic solutions? Swell?

A

Shrink in hypertonic

Swell in hypotonic

40
Q

Lots of recap slides from before - be sure to look at them!

A

I’m going to skip those ones (like slide 36-41)

41
Q
  1. 42 What is the pathway in which cold temperatures are regulated by blood?
    - Vasodilation or constriction?
A

Cold temp stimulates SNS fibers
This causes smooth muscles of vessels to vasoconstrict
Vasoconstriction causes decreased blood flow to surface of skin and reduces heat loss

42
Q
  1. 43 What is the pathway in which warm temperatures are regulated by blood?
    - vasodilation or constriction?
A

Warm temp inhibits SNS fibers
This causes smooth muscle of vessels to vasodilate

Vasodilation increases blood flow to surface of skin, “shunting” it away from the body core. The surface heat is then lost by radiation and convection - evidenced by redness and warm of skin

Hematology Exam 1 (3 decks)

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