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2 biomolecules, cells + microorganisms > 3 proteins > Flashcards

3 proteins Flashcards

1
Q

what are the monomers of proteins?

A

amino acids

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2
Q

what are the three groups that an amino acid is made up of?

A

amine group
carboxyl group
variable r group

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3
Q

what type of bond bind amino acids together?

A

peptide bonds

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4
Q

what reaction creates peptide bonds?

A

condensation reaction

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5
Q

what reaction breaks peptide bonds?

A

hydrolysis reaction

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6
Q

what two things does a condensation reaction between two amino acids result in?

A

peptide bond is formed
molecule of water is lost

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7
Q

how is a molecule of water created in a condensation reaction between two amino acids?

A

OH lost from carboxyl group
H lost from amine group

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7
Q

describe the attraction to water that different types of r groups have

A
  • polar/charged r groups are hydrophilic
  • non polar r groups are hydrophobic
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8
Q

how many polypeptide chains can a protein have?

A

any

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8
Q

what two things does a hydrolysisreaction between two amino acids result in?

A

molecule of water is formed
peptide bond is broken

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9
Q

what are the four structures of a protein?

A

primary
secondary
tertiary
quaternary

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10
Q

describe the primary structure of a protein

A
  • linear sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain
  • amino acid is determined by the genetic structure
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11
Q

describe the secondary structure of a protein

A
  • spatial arrangement of the amino acids
  • H bonds formed between amine + carboxyl groups
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12
Q

what type of proteins usually have secondary structures?

A

fibrous proteins

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13
Q

what are the two main structures formed when a secondary structure of a protein is formed?

A

alpha helix
beta pleated sheet

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14
Q

describe the structure of an alpha helix

A

tightly coiled helix with a polypeptide backbone

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15
Q

describe the structure of a beta pleated sheet

A

H bonds between adjacent parallel strands

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16
Q

are the r groups involved in the structure of an alpha helix?

A

no

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17
Q

are the r groups involved in the structure of a beta pleated sheet?

A

no

18
Q

give an example of a real life alpha helix

A

keratin

19
Q

give an example of a real life beta pleated sheet

A

spider web proteins

20
Q

where are the H bonds in an alpha helix structure?

A

between every fourth amino acid

21
Q

what does a beta pleated sheet provide to structures?

A

strength and rigidity

22
Q

define the tertiary structure of a protein

A

r groups interact resulting in three dimensional structures

23
Q

are tertiary structures hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

A

can be both

24
Q

what do hydrophobic groups in a tertiary structure do?

A

internally cluster in aqueous solutions

25
Q

what bonds can be formed in a tertiary structure?

A
  • hydrogen bonds
  • ionic bonds
  • disulfide bridges
    -weak hydrophobic interactions
26
Q

where do H bonds form in tertiary structures?

A

between polar r groups

27
Q

where do ionic bonds form in tertiary structures?

A

between some charged r groups

28
Q

where do disulfide bridges form in tertiary structures?

A

between SH groups

29
Q

where do weak hydrophobic interactions form in tertiary structures?

A

between non polar r groups

30
Q

in what kind of proteins are tertiary structures common?

A

globular proteins

31
Q

define the quaternary structure of a protein

A

multiple polypeptides coming together and functioning as a macromolecule

32
Q

what is each polypeptide chain referred to as in a quaternary structure?

A

a subunit

33
Q

what is the problem with misfolded proteins?

A

they cannot function

34
Q

what are two diseases that are caused by misfolded proteins?

A

alzheimers and mad cow disease

35
Q

give an example of a quaternary protein

A

collagen - 3 subunits intertwined

36
Q

give 7 examples of functions in proteins

A
  1. enzymes
  2. motor functions
  3. hormonal proteins
  4. storage
  5. structural
  6. defense
  7. transport
37
Q

why are enzymes important proteins?

A

they catalyse biochemical reactions

38
Q

give an example of motor functioning proteins

A

actin and myosin in muscle contraction

39
Q

give an example of a hormonal protein and why it is important

A

insulin - regulates blood pressure

40
Q

give an example of a storage protein and why it is important

A

ovalbumin - develops the embryo in egg whites

41
Q

give two examples of structural proteins

A

collagen + keratin

42
Q

give an example of a defense protein

A

antibodies

43
Q

give an example of a transport protein

A

haemoglobin or membrane transporters

44
Q
A

2 biomolecules, cells + microorganisms (8 decks)

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