#3: Principles, Processes and Concepts Flashcards
3-1
Define and provide examples of behavior, response, and response class.
Behavior: the activity of living organisms; human behavior includes everything that people do.
Ex: Raise hand
Response: A specific instance of a class or type of behavior. Ex: John raised his hand to answer the ?
Response Class: A group of responses with the same function of varying topography, all of which produce the same effect on the environment.
Ex: To answer a ? John raises his hand, calls out the answer, and stands up and raises his hand.
3-2
Define and provide examples of stimulus and stimulus class.
Stimulus: “An energy change that effects an organism through its receptor cells” (Michael, 2004)
Ex: A red light
Stimulus Class: Any group of stimuli that share specified common elements along formal (e.g., size, color), temporal (e.g., antecedent, or consequent), and/or functional (e.g., discriminative stimulus) dimensions.
Ex: Red, blue, green lights
3-3
Define and provide examples of positive and negative reinforcement.
Positive Reinforcement: Occurs when a behavior is followed immediately by the presentation of a stimulus that increases the future frequency of the behavior in similar conditions.
Ex: EO<Effect of headache diminished.
3-4
Define and provide examples of conditioned and unconditioned reinforcement.
Conditioned Reinforcer: A previously neutral stimulus change that has acquired the capability to function as a reinforcer through stimulus-stimulus pairing with one or more unconditioned/conditioned reinforcers.
Ex: Edible, sensory, tangible, activity, or social reinforcer.
Unconditioned Reinforcer: A stimulus change that functions as reinforcement even though a learner has had no particular learning history with it.
Ex: Food, water, oxygen, warmth, and sexual stimulation.
3-5
Define and provide examples of positive and negative punishment.
Positive Punishment: Occurs when the presentation of a stimulus (or an increase in the intensity of an already present stimulus) immediately following a behavior results in a decrease in the frequency of the behavior.
Ex: When you walk quickly around the table you stub your toe on the corner. In the future, you are less likely to walk quickly around the table.
Negative Punishment: Involves the termination of an already present stimulus (or a decrease in the intensity of an already present stimulus) immediately following a behavior that results in the decrease in the future frequency of the behavior.
Ex: You make a sandwich for lunch and set it on the coffee table. The dog comes up and takes your sandwich. In the future, you are less likely to leave your sandwich on the coffee table when the dog is around.
3-6
Define and provide examples of conditioned and unconditioned punishment.
Conditioned Punisher: A stimulus change that functions as punishment as a result of a person’s conditioning history.
Ex: A carpenter tells his worker that is the saw starts to make smoke it will break. The smoke from the saw is a conditioned punisher capable of decreasing the frequency of any behaviors that immediately precede the smoke.
Unconditioned Punisher: A stimulus whose presentation functions as punishment without having been paired with any other punishers.
Ex: Painful stimulation, certain odors/tastes, physical restraint, loss of bodily support, and extreme muscular effort.
3-7
Define and provide examples of stimulus control.
Stimulus control: A situation in which the frequency, latency, duration, or amplitude of a behavior is altered by the presence or absence of an antecedent stimulus.
Ex:
