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TPR > 3) Peace and Conflict > Flashcards

3) Peace and Conflict Flashcards

1
Q

3.1 Causes of conflict

A

-politics
-culture
-resources
-religion
-history

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2
Q

3.1 Current areas of conflict

A

-Syrian refugee crisis
-Ukraine war
-Taliban in Afganistan

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3
Q

3.1 United Nations

A

-UN peacekeepers - protect civilians, strengthen security, sent to conflict areas to observe a ceasefire and keep enemies apart
-protect human rights
-deliver humanitarian aid
-uphold international law

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4
Q

3.1 3 Christian arguments against conflict

A

Life is sacred, there should be no war
-sanctity of life - imago dei
-ten commandments - ‘thou shall not murder’
Should not participate in war - Jesus’ teachings
-‘if anyone strikes you on the right cheek, turn to him the other also’ - Sermon on the Mount
-‘love your enemies’
-when Jesus is about to be arrested, one of His disciples tries to defend Him and cuts off an ear of the servant of the high priest (Jesus heals the man, should forgive people)

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5
Q

3.1 Christian arguments for conflict

A

To help people in war
-righteous anger - using one’s anger in a way that is thoughtful and controlled to bring justice/ protect the weak - Jesus at the temple
-‘Defend the rights of the poor and orphans, be fair to the needy and helpless’ (Psalm)
-Pope Benedict XVI said defending oneself and others is a duty

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6
Q

3.1 Passive resistance

A

Opposition to a government or to specific governmental laws by the use of noncooperation and other nonviolent methods, as economic boycotts and protest marches.

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7
Q

3.1 The Just War Theory

A

First developed by St Thomas Aquinas. Conditions which to judge whether and how a war should be waged
-Jus ad bellum - before war
-Jus in bello - during war
-Jus post bellum - after war

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8
Q

3.1 A Just War

A

Declared for right and noble reasons and fought in a certain way

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9
Q

3.1 Jus ad bellum

A

Before war
-war must be started by the proper authority (state, ruler)
-war must have a just cause
-everything must be done to make sure good instead of evil results from the war
Catholic church added:
-war must be the last resort
-force used is no more than necessary to win

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10
Q

3.1 Jus in bello

A

During war
-civilians should not be harmed
-appropriate force used only
-internationally agreed conventions regulating war must be obeyed

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11
Q

3.1 Jus post bellum

A

After war
-punishing war criminals
-help retrain military in a defeated country where a bad government has been defeated

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12
Q

3.1 Holy War

A

War where religion is a driving force
Usually has three elements
-an achievement of a religious goal
-authorized by a religious leader
-spiritual reward for those who take part
Started by a lawful authority
-the church
-often God, gave direct instructions to people to wage war in the Bible
-e.g. the Crusades

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13
Q

3.1 The Crusades

A

Lasted from 1095 until 1291. Aim was to capture the sacred places in the Holy Land from the Muslims who lived there
-capture Jerusalem - residents brutalised and slaughtered
-breaches just war ethics

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14
Q

3.2 3 Arguments for pacifism

A

-10 commandments
-Jesus taught to not be violent and for peace
-Should peacefully resist instead of violence

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15
Q

3.2 For pacifism - 10 commandments

A

‘Thou shall not kill’ - sanctity of life

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16
Q

3.2 For pacifism - Jesus taught to not be violent and for peace

A

-Jesus said ‘Blessed are the peacemakers, for they shall be called the children of God’ (Matthew)
-should not only be violent, but create peace
-emulate God’s nature to be creative (imago dei)

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17
Q

3.2 For pacifism - Should peacefully resist instead of violence

A

Jesus teaches ‘if anyone slaps you on the right cheek, turn to him the other also’
-should show defiance instead of submission
Christian leader examples - Martin Luther King Jr., Rosa Parks
-peaceful protests
Palm Sunday - Jesus entering Jerusalem riding on a donkey to a huge crowd
-in biblical times, the donkey was a sign of peace
-some theologians speculate this act was to provoke the Romans by highlighting Jesus’ popularity - sent a message without violence
-few days before his cruxificion

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18
Q

3.2 Arguments against pacifism

A

-Righteous anger
-defending the weak
-conscience - Bishop Butler

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19
Q

3.2 Against pacifism - righteous anger

A

Jesus had a rage in the temple, ‘You have turned my Father’s house into a den of thieves
-he was violent as he was angry at people’s sinful behaviour- this is justified violence
-situation ethics - loving action used for violence

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20
Q

3.2 Pacifism - defending the weak

A

Christians are taught to care for the weak, protect the marginalized, take action
-Jesus gave sight to the blind, touched the leper, healed the sick - peaceful actions
-Against - these cannot happen effectively without violence and protection for the weak

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21
Q

3.2 Against pacifism - conscience

A

Bishop Butler - he said we must listen to our conscience as it is the word of God within
-He might call us to violence

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22
Q

3.2 Restorative justice

A

Process where a criminal and a victim talk to allow forgiveness, understanding and reconciliation in the relationship
-time for the criminal to reflect on their crime
-allows victim to gain understanding and closure about the incident
-restorativejustic.org - 85% of people involved says it helped
-reduces reoffending by half

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23
Q

3.2 Benefits of restorative justice

A

God is immutable and distant. He can only persuade us to follow him, not force us to
-when forgiving people, we are following the word of God

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24
Q

3.3 Christian view of bullying

A

-duty of Christians to protect the weak
-humans are created imago dei
-using violence without a just cause - sinful

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25
Q

3.3 Bullying - duty of Christians to protect the weak

A

‘Rescue the weak and needy, deliver them from the hand of the wicked’ (Psalm)
-people should help victims
-bullying is exploiting the weak and innocent - wrong
Parable of the good Samaritan
-help the weak (the beggar)
Parable of the sheep and the goats
-Jesus teaches people they should treat anyone in trouble as if they were Jesus

26
Q

3.3 Bullying - Humans are created imago dei

A

Bullying is mistreating God’s creation and so is a sin

27
Q

3.4 Causes of crime

A

-poverty
-drugs
-politics
-upbringing
-racism

28
Q

3.4 Attitudes towards crime

A

Holy book regarded as a law. If someone blatantly disregards them they consider it to be a crime.
-e.g. Ten commandments
-adultery is not a crime in the countries law, in the views of Christianity it is still considered to be a sin as it breaks God’s commands

29
Q

3.4 Christian responses to crime

A

-Street Pastors
-Prison fellowship

30
Q

3.4 Street Pastors

A

Trained volunteers from local churches who patrol the streets of their community
-to care for, listen to, and help people who are out on the streets.
-bring calm to aggressive situations
-clear away broken or discarded bottles to remove potential weapons

31
Q

3.4 Prison fellowship

A

Mission is to show Christ’s love to people in prison through prayer and practical care - develop a Christian ministry to people in prison and their families
-God wants to bring restoration and hope to every prisoner - no one is beyond hope, every life can be transformed
-Parable of the sheep and the goats ‘When I was in prison you came to visit me’ - Jesus identifies with those who are forgotten and in need. He wants us to identify with them as well. When we are serving men and women in prison, we are serving Christ
-Through chaplaincy work in prison - ‘God is our refuge and strength’ (Psalms)

32
Q

3.5 Aims of punishment

A

-Protection
-Retribution
-Deterrence
-Reformation

33
Q

3.5 Aim of punishment - Protection

A

Protect society from the criminal and to protect the criminal from causing further harm

34
Q

3.5 Aim of punishment - Retribution

A

Make the criminal pay for what he has done
-Old Testement, ‘an eye for an eye’ - punishment should match the crime

35
Q

3.5 Aim of punishment - Deterrence

A

Punishment designed to put other criminals off from committing the crime
-Old Testement, God is presented as a God of Justice, who gave his people Laws and Commandments they are expected to follow or they will be punished

36
Q

3.5 Aim of punishment - Reformation

A

To try and change the criminal, so they no longer commit the crime
-Jesus taught love (agape) and forgiveness from the cross.
-The Lord’s prayer ‘Forgive us our sins, as we forgive those who sin against us’
-crucial to allow a fresh start to those who have turned away from sin

37
Q

3.5 Treatment of criminals

A

Christians focus on positive sanctions that help offenders to realise the error of their ways
-do not agree with discipline
-Jesus’ teachings on love and caring for people rules out any physical punishment -follow the example of Jesus

38
Q

3.5 Treatment of criminals - agree with discipline

A

-‘Whoever spares the rod hates their children, but the one who loves their children is careful to discipline them’ (Proverbs)

39
Q

3.5 Treatment of criminals - follow the example of Jesus

A

Why do you see the speck that is in your brother’s eye, but do not notice the log that is in your own eye’ (Matthew 7:5) - Sermon on the Mount on judgementalism
-Jesus taught Christians should reform sinners and not be judgmental in their attitude
-Opposed to revenge - must be replaced by forgiveness
-Jesus refers to the Old Testement saying, ‘If someone hits you on the right cheek, turn the other cheek’

40
Q

3.5 Difference in the Old and New Testement on Justice

A

Old Testement - believe in retribution
New Testement - believe in reformance

41
Q

3.5 God of Justice

A

God is the ultimate judge and everyone will be answerable to Him one day for their actions
-(Romans 13) - ‘the authorities are ministers of God’
‘-For he is the servant of God, an avenger who carries out God’s wrath on the wrongdoer’
-However, on earth, he has delegated the right to judge crimes to the state
-when the law sentences a criminal, it is exercising justice on God’s behalf

42
Q

3.5 Repentance

A

Act of admitting wrong-doing and saying sorry. Involves someone understanding how their action have caused pain and suffering
-Parable of the lost son

43
Q

3.5 Repentance - Parable of the lost son

A

A younger son left home with his share of the inheritance and wasted it. He went home and asked his father for forgiveness. His father was so pleased to see him that he ran out to meet him and organised a big celebration
-How God will treat a sinner who truly repent
-teaches that Christians should forgive others

44
Q

3.6 Nature and purpose of capital punishment

A

Practice of executing someone as punishment for a specific crime after a proper legal trail
-countries such as China, the USA and Iran still have it
-Carried out by legal injection, electrocution, shooting, etc.

45
Q

3.6 3 Christian arguments in favour of capital punishment

A

-New Testement - it is the right of the state
-God authorises the death penalty
-Capital punishment is like suicide

46
Q

3.6 3 arguments in favour of capital punishment - New Testement

A

Jesus says, ‘he who speaks evil of father or mother, let him surely die.’
-Jesus refrains himself from using violence, but doesn’t deny the state’s authority to exact capital punishment
When the Pilate has to decide whether or not to crucify Jesus, Jesus tells him, ‘you would have no power over me if it were not given to you from above.’
-the power to make this decision given to him by God

47
Q

3.6 In favour of capital punishment - God authorises the death penalty

A

-(Romans 13) ‘For he [the authorities] is the servant of God, an avenger who carries out God’s wrath on the wrongdoer’

48
Q

3.6 In favour of capital punishment - it is like suicide

A

The criminal, by choosing to commit the crime has chosen to surrender his life to the state if caught
-reserved in public power to deprive ciminal of his life as by his own crime, he has already dispossessed himself of his right to life

49
Q

3.6 3 Arguments against capital punishment

A

-Only God should create and destroy life
-Christianity is based on forgiveness
-Capital punishment is biased against the poor

50
Q

3.6 Against Capital Punishment - only God should create and destroy life

A

-‘Thou shalt not kill’
Sanctity of life:
-all human life is sacred and untouchable
-no matter the crime - criminal does not lose his fundamental right to life
-life comes under the power of no one except God

51
Q

3.6 Against capital punishment - Christianity is based on forgiveness

A

Capital punishment incompatible with the teachings that emphasises forgiveness and compassion

52
Q

3.6 Against capital punishment - Capital punishment is biased against the poor

A

In many countries, death penalty is biased against the poor. Christians should support the poor - not support capital punishment
-criminal could be poor and did the crime for a reason
-consideration of the criminal’s background required

53
Q

3.6 Secular attitudes in favour of capital punishment

A

-Retribution - guilty people deserve to be punished
-Deterrence
-Rehabilitation
-Prevention of reoffending
-Closure and vindication

54
Q

3.6 Secular attitudes in favour of capital punishment - retribution

A

-Retribution - guilty people deserve to be punishment
-‘Eye for an eye’ - Old Testement phrase/ common saying - only the guilty should be punished, neither too leniently or too severely

55
Q

3.6 Argument against retribution being a reason for capital punishment

A

-Capital punishment is vengeance rather than retribution
-some countries keep prisoners on death row for many years –> more severe punishment

56
Q

3.6 Argument against deterrence being a reason for capital punishment

A

-statistical evidence doesn’t show it works
-some of these executed may not have been capable of being deterred due to mental illness
-some crimes committed in an emotional state and they didn’t think of consequences

57
Q

3.6 Secular attitudes in favour of capital punishment - closure and vindication

A

Closure for victims’ family
-however, different families react differently

58
Q

3.6 Secular arguments against capital punishment

A

-Value of human life
-Right to life
-Execution of the innocent
-Brutilizing the state/ law

59
Q

3.6 Secular arguments against capital punishment - value of human life

A

The value of the offender’s life cannot be destroyed by the offender’s bad conduct - even if they have killed someone

60
Q

3.6 Secular arguments against capital punishment - right to life

A

Sentencing a person to death and executing them violates their right to life
-counter-arguments - a person can forfeit their right to life by their actions

61
Q

3.6 Secular arguments against capital punishment - execution of the innocent

A

Sooner or later, innocent people will be killed due to mistakes or flaws in the justice system
-cannot put right mistakes with death

62
Q

3.6 Secular arguments against capital punishment - brutilizing the state/law

A

Brutilise society, implication for the state’s relationship with citizens
-the law is violent

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