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Chemistry - norm > 3 - Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

3 - Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

What are hydrocarbons?

A

Chains of carbon and hydrogen atoms only

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2
Q

What is an alkane?

A

Saturated hydrocarbons (only one carbon - carbon bond)
CnH2n+2
Methane, ethane, propane, butane, pentane

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3
Q

What does saturated mean?

A

That no more atoms can join onto the carbon atoms as all their bonds are already used

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4
Q

What is a homologous series?

A

A group of compounds:

  • That can all be represented by the same general formula
  • Similar chemical properties
  • Gradation in physical properties
  • Families of organic compounds
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5
Q

What is a homologous series?

A

A group of compounds:

  • That can all be represented by the same general formula
  • Similar chemical properties
  • Gradation in physical properties
  • Families of organic compounds
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6
Q

What is the equation for complete combustion?

A

alkane + oxygen –> carbon dioxide + water (+ energy)

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7
Q

What is the equation for incomplete combustion?

A

alkane + oxygen –> carbon + carbon monoxide + carbon dioxide + water (+energy)

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8
Q

What happens when a halogen reacts with an alkane?

A
  • Must be in the presence of UV light
  • Makes a haloalkane
  • Substitution reaction
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9
Q

What is an alkene?

A
  • Hydrocarbons with a double bond between the carbon atoms
  • Unsaturated because they can make more bonds (double bone opens up)
  • CnH2n
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10
Q

What is an isomer? Give an example

A
  • Two molecules that have identical molecular formulas but different structures
  • Butene
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11
Q

What happens when a halogen reacts with an alkene?

A
  • Makes haloalkanes (double bond opens up)
  • Bromine + ethane –> dibromoethane
  • Addition reaction
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12
Q

How can you test for alkenes?

A
  • Shake an alkene in orange bromine water

- Turns colourless because the bromine molecules react with the alkene to make a dibromoalkane

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13
Q

How can you test for alkenes?

A
  • Shake an alkene in orange bromine water

- Turns colourless because the bromine molecules react with the alkene to make a dibromoalkane

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14
Q

How can you make ethanol?

A
  • Ethene (from crude oil) reacts with steam to make ethanol
  • Temperature = 570*C
  • Pressure = 60 - 70 atmospheres
  • Catalyst = phosphoric acid
  • Cheap and not much is wasted
  • It will become expensive as crude oil is non-renewable
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15
Q

How can you make ethanol by fermentation?

A
  • Raw material = sugar (e.g. glucose)
  • Converted into ethanol using yeast
  • Temperature = 30*C
  • All renewable resources
  • Not very concentrated so needs to be distilled to increase strength
  • Needs to be purified
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16
Q

What are the advantages/disadvantages of making ethanol with ethane and steam?

A
  • Fast reaction
  • Pure product
  • Raw material = ethane (a finite material)
  • Expensive equipment
  • Low labour cost
17
Q

What are the advantages/disadvantages of making ethanol through fermentation?

A
  • Slow reaction
  • Very impure product
  • Raw material = sugar (renewable source)
  • Cheap equipment
  • High labour cost
18
Q

How can you make ethane from ethanol?

A
  • Dehydration
  • Ethanol vapour is passed over a hot catalyst
  • Catalyst = aluminium oxide (Al2O3)
19
Q

How can you make ethane from ethanol?

A
  • Dehydration
  • Ethanol vapour is passed over a hot catalyst
  • Catalyst = aluminium oxide (Al2O3)
20
Q

What is addition polymerisation?

A
  • Monomer alkenes opening their bonds to form a saturated alkane
  • Needs a high pressure and catalyst
21
Q

What is condensation polymerisation?

A
  • Involves two different types of monomers
  • The monomers react together and form bonds between them to make polymer chains
  • For each new bond a small molecule is lost
  • e.g. nylon
22
Q

What are the uses for polyethene?

A
  • Light, stretchable polymer so ideal for packaging

- Makes plastic bags, bottles and other containers

23
Q

What are the uses for polypropene?

A

Tough but flexible and resistant to heat so used for kettles, food containers and carpets

24
Q

What are some uses for polychloroethene?

A

Used to make clothes and pips for insulating electrical cables

25
Q

What are some uses for polychloroethene?

A

Used to make clothes and pips for insulating electrical cables

26
Q

How can polymers be disposed?

A
  • Most are inert because of the strong carbon-carbon bond
  • Takes a long time to biodegrade
  • Burning plastics release toxic gases
  • The best thing to do is reuse them or recycle them

Chemistry - norm (6 decks)

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