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Chemistry > 3. Organic AS > Flashcards

3. Organic AS Flashcards

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1
Q

define homologous series

A

a group of organic compounds that have the same functional group, but each successive member differs by CH2

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2
Q

define structural formula

A

shows how the atoms are bonded to each carbon atom in a molecule

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3
Q

define displayed formula

A

2D representation of an organic molecule showing all its atoms and their bonds

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4
Q

define skeletal formula

A

simplified display formula with all the carbon and hydrogen bonds removed

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5
Q

what is the general formula of alcohols?

A

C(n)H(2n+1)OH

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6
Q

what is the general formula of aldehydes?

A

C(n)H(2n+1)CHO

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7
Q

what is the general formula of ketones?

A

C(n)H(2n)O

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8
Q

what is the general formula of carboxylic acids?

A

C(n)H(2n+1)COOH

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9
Q

what is the general formula of esters?

A

C(n)H(2n)O2

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10
Q

what is the general formula of amines?

A

C(n)H(2n+1)NH2

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11
Q

what is the general formula of nitriles?

A

C(n)H(2n+1)CN

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12
Q

define molecular formula

A

shows the number and type of each atom in a molecule

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13
Q

define empirical formula

A

shows the simplest whole number ratio of the elements present in one molecule of the compound

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14
Q

define aliphatic compound

A

straight or branched chain and also includes cyclic organic compounds that do not contain a benzene ring

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15
Q

what are structural isomers?

A

compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structural formula

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16
Q

what is chain isomerism?

A

when compounds have the same molecular formula, but their longest hydrocarbon chain is not the same e.g. pentane and 2,2-dimethy propane

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17
Q

what is positional isomerism?

A

arise from differences in the position of a functional group in each isomer. the functional group can be located on different carbons. e.g butanol and 2-butanol

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18
Q

what is functional group isomerism?

A

same molecular formula but different functional group e.g. butanol and ethoxyethane

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19
Q

how does cracking work?

A

large hydrocarbon molecules are fed into a steel chamber and heated to a high temp and passed over aluminium oxide catalyst

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20
Q

what are the products of complete combustion?

A

co2 and h2O

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21
Q

what are the products of incomplete combustion?

A

CO/C and H2O

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22
Q

what is the initiation step of free radical substitution?

A
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23
Q

what is homolytic fission?

A

when each atom takes one electron from the covalent bond

24
Q

what is the propagation step?

A
25
Q

what is the termination step?

A
26
Q

what are the products from nucleophilic substitution?

A

a halogen is substituted for another atom or group of atoms. products formed are alcohols, amines, and nitriles

27
Q

what are the products from elimination?

A

a hydrogen halide is eliminated and an alkene is formed

28
Q

what are the reagents and conditions for the formation of alcohols undergoing nucleophilic substitution?

A

reagents: aqueous NaOH or KOH with ethanol
conditions: warm

29
Q

what are the reagents and conditions for the formation of nitriles undergoing nucleophilic substitution?

A

reagents: ethanolic solution of KCN
conditions: heated under reflux

30
Q

what are the reagents and conditions for the formation of amines (primary) undergoing nucleophilic substitution?

A

reagents: ethanolic solution of excess ammonia
conditions: heated under pressure

31
Q

what are the reagents and conditions for elimination?

A

reagents: ethanolic NaOH
conditions: heated

32
Q

give the free radical substitution for when CFCs react with the ozone

A
33
Q

describe the sigma and pie bonds in ethene and how they arise

A

1)Each carbon atom uses three of its four electrons to form σ bonds
2)Two σ bonds are formed with the hydrogen atoms
One σ bond is formed with the other carbon atom
3)The fourth electron from each carbon atom occupies a p orbital which overlaps
sideways with another p orbital on the other carbon atom to form a π bond
4)This means that the C-C is a double bond: one σ and one π bond

34
Q

how are sigma bonds formed?

A

from the end to end overlap of atomic orbitals

35
Q

how are pie bonds formed?

A

sideways overlap of adjacent p orbitals

36
Q

what is the positive inductive effect?

A

Alkyl groups push electron density towards the carbocation making it energetically more
stable; the more alkyl groups the carbocation is bonded to, the more stabilised it is (tertiary>secondary>primary)

37
Q

what are the reagents, conditions and products of hydrogenation (electrophilic addition)?

A
38
Q

what are the reagents, conditions and products of electrophilic addition with steam?

A
39
Q

what are the reagents, conditions and products of electrophilic addition with hydrogen halides?

A
40
Q

what are the reagents, conditions and products of electrophilic addition with halogens?

A
41
Q

how do you test whether a compound is unsaturated?

A

mix with bromine water which should decolorise

42
Q

why are the disposal of polymers a challenge?

A

due to their unreactivity, non-biodegradability and formation of harmful combustion when burnt

43
Q

what are some of the solutions of plastic pollution?

A

feedstock recycling, mechanical recycling,

44
Q

what are primary alcohols oxidised to and how?

A

aldehydes and using acidified K2Cr2O7

45
Q

what is the colour change when primary and secondary alcohols are oxidised using K2Cr2O7?

A

orange to green

46
Q

what are secondary alcohols oxidised to and how?

A

ketones and using acidified K2Cr2O7

47
Q

how can you form an alcohol using electrophilic addition?

A

reagents: alkene and steam conditions: heat Phosphoric acid catalyst

48
Q

how can you form an alcohol using oxidation?

A

reagents: alkenes and cold dilute KMnO4
conditions: shaking of reagents

49
Q

how can you form an alcohol using nucleophilic substitution?

A

reagents: halogenoalkanes and aqueous NaOH
conditions: heat

50
Q

how can you form an alcohol using reduction?

A

reagents: aldehydes and ketones
conditions: NaBH4 or LiAlH4

51
Q

how can you form an alcohol using hydrolysis?

A

reagents: esters
conditions: dilute acid or alkali and heat

52
Q

what can primary alcohols be oxidised to?

A

aldehydes and then further oxidation to carboxylic acids

53
Q

what is the oxidising agent for alcohols?

A

acidified K2Cr2O7 or acidified KMnO4

54
Q

how can you test for an aldehyde?

A

Fehling’s (blue to brick red) or Tollen’s reagent (silver nitrate in excess ammonia, form a silver mirror)

55
Q

what happens if you test ketones using Fehling’s or Tollen’s reagent?

A

no change as they cannot be oxidised further

56
Q

what are the reagents and conditions of elimination reaction of alcohols?

A

reagents: hot catalyst Al2O3 powder/excess hot conc H2O4/H3PO4

57
Q

how do you test for carboxylic acids?

A

add NaHCO3 and CO2 gas is formed

Chemistry (3 decks)

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