3 Ocean Flashcards
Ocean
Ocean responsible for 90% total increase of heat content in 1955-1998.
Levitus et al. 2005
Ocean
Oceanic heat balance
Talley, 2012
Earth in radiative imbalance `less energy leaving upper atmosphere than entering it since 1970)
Ocean warming dominated global energy change - absorbing 93% energy excess in 1971-2010.
Upper ocean waters (0-700m) account for 64% change in ocean heat content.
IPCC AR5, 2014
Averaged temperatures difference between surface and 200m depth - resulted in 4% increase in ocean stratification
IPCC, AR5, 2014
Arctic amplification - temperature feedbacks more important than albedo (IPCC state albedo important but not by how much!)
Pithan and Mauritsen, 2014
Wind stress is increasing in areas of upwelling
Varela et al. 2015
20 warmest years in history have all occurred in last 20 years
Marine hotspots change over time (dominated by numerous oceanographic processes)
Giorgi, 2006
Ecological effects: effect distribution/ migration, food chain, habitat.
Stenseth et al. 2002
Appearance of warm water species – Cod
Simpson et al. 2011
35% loss by 2050 of global fisheries revenue
Lam et al. 2016
30% CO2 emissions going into atmosphere
Orr et al. 2005
Thermal expansion contributes a third to sea level rise
IPCC, 2013
West Antarctic ice sheet is last marine based ice sheet
Bentley, 2010
Engineered protection from erosion (4 ways)
Hill, 2004
Enhance biodiversity of coastal defences
Firth et al. 2014
Humber coastal management
Turner et al. 2007
Global warming hiatus period (1998-2013)
Meehl et al 2014
Ocean responsible for 90% total increase of heat content in 1955-1998
Levitus et al 2005
Natural variations could mask anthropogenic changes
Kennedy et al 2003
Ocean heat balance
Talley, 2012
Ocean warming dominated global energy change
Earth in radiative imbalance (since 1970)
Temperature most often subsurface ocean variable
Rich get richer mechanism
IPCC
Ocean heat content increasing: El Niño
Zebiak, 1989
Ocean heat content increasing: hurricanes
Mainelli et al 2008
Ocean heat content increasing: sea level rise
Johnson and Wijfells, 2002
Ocean heat content increasing: volcanic eruptions
Gleckler et al 2006
Ecological effects
Stenseth et al 2002
35% loss by 2050 of global fisheries revenue
Lam et al 2016
Results imply GHGs over next few decades will strongly influence contribution of the Antarctic ice sheet to global sea level
Golledge et al 2015
High confidence particular fish species will reach extinction at edge of their ranges
Simpson et al 2011
