3 Ocean

Question 1

Ocean

Ocean responsible for 90% total increase of heat content in 1955-1998.

Answer 1

Levitus et al. 2005

Question 2

Ocean

Oceanic heat balance

Answer 2

Talley, 2012

Question 3

Earth in radiative imbalance `less energy leaving upper atmosphere than entering it since 1970)

Ocean warming dominated global energy change - absorbing 93% energy excess in 1971-2010.

Upper ocean waters (0-700m) account for 64% change in ocean heat content.

Answer 3

IPCC AR5, 2014

Question 4

Averaged temperatures difference between surface and 200m depth - resulted in 4% increase in ocean stratification

Answer 4

IPCC, AR5, 2014

Question 5

Arctic amplification - temperature feedbacks more important than albedo (IPCC state albedo important but not by how much!)

Answer 5

Pithan and Mauritsen, 2014

Question 6

Wind stress is increasing in areas of upwelling

Answer 6

Varela et al. 2015

Question 7

20 warmest years in history have all occurred in last 20 years

Marine hotspots change over time (dominated by numerous oceanographic processes)

Answer 7

Giorgi, 2006

Question 8

Ecological effects: effect distribution/ migration, food chain, habitat.

Answer 8

Stenseth et al. 2002

Question 9

Appearance of warm water species – Cod

Answer 9

Simpson et al. 2011

Question 10

35% loss by 2050 of global fisheries revenue

Answer 10

Lam et al. 2016

Question 11

30% CO2 emissions going into atmosphere

Answer 11

Orr et al. 2005

Question 12

Thermal expansion contributes a third to sea level rise

Answer 12

IPCC, 2013

Question 13

West Antarctic ice sheet is last marine based ice sheet

Answer 13

Bentley, 2010

Question 14

Engineered protection from erosion (4 ways)

Answer 14

Hill, 2004

Question 15

Enhance biodiversity of coastal defences

Answer 15

Firth et al. 2014

Question 16

Humber coastal management

Answer 16

Turner et al. 2007

Question 17

Global warming hiatus period (1998-2013)

Answer 17

Meehl et al 2014

Question 18

Ocean responsible for 90% total increase of heat content in 1955-1998

Answer 18

Levitus et al 2005

Question 19

Natural variations could mask anthropogenic changes

Answer 19

Kennedy et al 2003

Question 20

Ocean heat balance

Answer 20

Talley, 2012

Question 21

Ocean warming dominated global energy change
Earth in radiative imbalance (since 1970)
Temperature most often subsurface ocean variable
Rich get richer mechanism

Answer 21

IPCC

Question 22

Ocean heat content increasing: El Niño

Answer 22

Zebiak, 1989

Question 23

Ocean heat content increasing: hurricanes

Answer 23

Mainelli et al 2008

Question 24

Ocean heat content increasing: sea level rise

Answer 24

Johnson and Wijfells, 2002

Question 25

Ocean heat content increasing: volcanic eruptions

Answer 25

Gleckler et al 2006

Question 26

Ecological effects

Answer 26

Stenseth et al 2002

Question 27

35% loss by 2050 of global fisheries revenue

Answer 27

Lam et al 2016

Question 28

Results imply GHGs over next few decades will strongly influence contribution of the Antarctic ice sheet to global sea level

Answer 28

Golledge et al 2015

Question 29

High confidence particular fish species will reach extinction at edge of their ranges

Answer 29

Simpson et al 2011