3- Nutrition, Inflammation & Periodontal diseases

Question 1

What is obesity?

Answer 1

They are a pathogenesis of periodontitis. They are due to adipose tissue secretions continuous release of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1, IL-6, & TNF-a)

Question 2

What occurs due to the adipokines levels in people with obesity?

Answer 2

These levels are decreased (hormone adiponectin) = which lead to an increase in systemic inflammation.

Question 3

How is TNF-a is related to obesity?

Answer 3

TNF-a levels increases in systemic inflammation & periodontitis + impacts insulin resistance.

Question 4

What percentage of circulating IL-6 comes from?

Answer 4

From the adipose tissue.

Question 5

What does levels of obesity dictate in IL-6?

Answer 5

It increases the levels of obesity = leading to developing coronary artery diseases + leads to inflamed periodontal tissues evident in individuals with high levels of IL-6

Question 6

What are reactive oxygen species?

Answer 6

They are chemically reactive molecules containing oxygens which induces damage by oxidizing DNA, lipids + proteins when produced in excess.

Question 7

T or F reactive oxygen species can be toxic to cells

Answer 7

True

Question 8

How do cells defend themselves with ROS damage?

Answer 8

with enzymes + antioxidants (Vitamin C, Vitamin E, beta-carotene & selenium)

Question 9

What is Vitamin C known & used for?

Answer 9

It helps during inflammation + maintains integrity of cell membranes + protection of ROS

Question 10

Why do we need Vitamin C everyday?

Answer 10

Because are not able to store & synthesize it on a day to day basis.

Question 11

What are some negative implications of deprivation of Vitamin C?

Answer 11

• Scurvy
• Impaired wound healing
• Bright red
• Swollen
• Ulcerated
• Bleeds spontaneously

Question 12

What is vitamin A used for ?

Answer 12

Help to support T-helpver anti-inflammatory response + epithelial cell differentiation + cell mediated immunity

Question 13

What is vitamin D used for?

Answer 13

Used for anti-inflammatory effects + help reduce risk of gingival inflammation + differentiation of monocytes to macrophages

Question 14

What is Vitamin E used for?

Answer 14

It is the most common fat-soluble antioxidant.
It helps protect cell membranes + reduces the production of prostaglandin ES in macrophages

Question 15

What are good sources of Vitamin E?

Answer 15

Nuts, seeds, wheat germ

Question 16

What are folic acids used for?

Answer 16

They are involved in DNA synthesis + water soluble. They help deficiencies which may reduce gingival tissue to be a barrier.

Question 17

What are calcium used for?

Answer 17

They help calcification process + role in the formation & maintenance of the alveolar bone.

Question 18

What would occur from a low level of calcium?

Answer 18

Increased tooth loss in individuals with lower calcium levels.

Question 19

What would occur due to excess of carbohydrates & lipids?

Answer 19

• Increase in obesity
• Rapid release of glucose into the blood
• High glucose incase triglyceride levels
• Increase in insulin release
• Decrease ability of body to break down fat
• Too many lipids increase inflammation

Question 20

What would occur from a protein deficiency?

Answer 20

Impairment of:
- cell-mediated immunity
- complement system
- Phagocyte activity
- Production of cytokines
- Immune depression occurs