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E&MoMNEs > 3. MNEs and Entry Modes > Flashcards

3. MNEs and Entry Modes Flashcards

1
Q

?? is geographically uneven, highly complex and a dynamic web of production networks, economic spaces and places connected together through treads of flows.

A

Global economy

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2
Q

How does a firm become international (Entry Modes):

Welche Arten können hierbei zunächst unterschieden werden?

A

Trading from home (Import; Export)
–> International Trade Economics

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)
–> International Management and Business

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3
Q

How does a firm become international (Entry Mode):

Foreign Direct Investments können unterschieden werden in? (2)

A

Equity

Non-Equity

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4
Q

How does a firm become international (Entry Mode):

Foreign Direct Investments

Nenne zwei Entry Modes bei Non-Equity!

A

Licensing

Franchising

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5
Q

How does a firm become international (Entry Mode):

Foreign Direct Investments

Welche Equity Investment-Formen können unterschieden werden? (2)

A

Brownfield Investment
-> already existing facilities abroad

Greenfield Investment
-> from scratch

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6
Q

How does a firm become international (Entry Mode):

Foreign Direct Investments - Equity

Nenne eine Variante für ein Brownfield investments!

A

Merger & Aquisition (M&A)

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7
Q

How does a firm become international (Entry Mode):

Foreign Direct Investments - Equity

Nenne zwei Varianten des Greenfield Investments!

A

Greenfield investment by the firm

Joint Venture (JV)

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8
Q

The firm becomes international if…

Folie 3+4+5!

A

…

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9
Q

International Investments können unterschieden werden in?

A

International portfolio investment
-> Loans, Equity Investment
-> Stocks and Bonds

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)
-> Stocks, Flows
-> Business Unit and/or operation in Foreign Country

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10
Q

The board decided to acquire a strategic foreign firm for its value chain. A portion of the board will sit on the acquired firm’s board.

FDI oder International Portfolio Investment?

A

FDI

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11
Q

The CEO is investing in a diversified portfolio of companies through formal financial channels. Each investment is relatively small, and the goal is to diversify the company’s profits.

FDI oder International Portfolio Investment?

A

International Portfolio Investment

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12
Q

What do you mean by ownership?
= more than ??% of the firm’s share

A

10

-> defined by the International Monetary Fund (IMF)

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13
Q

Control is not ownership

True/False?

A

True

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14
Q

There are 3 types of control: ?? (3)

A
  1. Ownership (i.e. greenfield or brownfield FDI)
  2. Managerial (i.e. International human resource)
  3. Contractual (i.e. offshoring and outsourcing)
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15
Q

FDI Terminology

FDI
-> Stocks = ??
-> Flows = ??

A

Stocks = Total of money at the end of the period

Flows = Total of money in and out in a period

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16
Q

FDIs Terminology

Stocks = Total of money at the end of the period

Flows = Total of money in and out in a period

Host country perspective
-> Inward stock
-> Inward flows

Home country perspective
-> outward stock
-> outward flows

A

…

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17
Q

Only ?? FDIs create new facilities in the host country, therefore the local effect is higher. (new jobs, more taxes etc.)

A

Greenfield

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18
Q

International Investments Trends 2022

In 2022 developing economies account for ?? % of global FDI.

A

70

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19
Q

International Investments Trends 2022

Project activities in developing regions continues to grow.

A

…

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20
Q

International Investments Trends 2022

The 378 $ billion FDI value that developed economies received was mainly driven by which region?

A

North America (US, Kanada)

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21
Q

International Investments Trends 2022

There is a rising trend for greenfield projects in Africa. (+39%)

A

…

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22
Q

International Investments Trends 2022

-> Folie 11

A

…

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23
Q

International Investments Trends 2022

-> Folie 12

A

…

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24
Q

International Investments Trends 2022

SDG investment is moving, but too slowly in some sectors.

A

Folie 12

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25
Q

International Investments Trends 2022

Which sectors see rising investments?

A

Infrastructure (+6)

GVC-intensive industries (+5%)

Semiconductors (+26%)

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26
Q

Announced greenfield projects, international project finance deals and cross-border M&As, Q1 2021-Q1 2023

Greenfield projects stayed steady while international project finance deals and M&As declined

-> Folie 13

A

…

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27
Q

FDI inflows, top 20 host economies, 2021 and 2022

Name the first 5 countries in 2022!

A
  1. US
  2. China
  3. Singapore
  4. Hong Kong
  5. Brazil

-> Rest and 2021 auf Folie 14

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28
Q

FDI outflows, top 20 home economies, 2021 and 2022

Name the first 5 countries in 2022!

A
  1. US
  2. Japan
  3. China
  4. Germany
  5. UK
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29
Q

Top five recipients by number of projects

Greenfield investment announcements

International project finance deals

-> Folie 14

A

…

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30
Q

Top five recipients by number of projects

Greenfield investment announcements

Why have there been so many greenfield investment announcements in the UK?

A

Folge des Brexits, englische Firmen gehen zurück nach England, um auf dem Markt vertreten zu bleiben

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31
Q

Different strategies for FDIs

Australian building materials supplier Boral bought out the interests of its France partner, cement-maker Lafarge SA, in their Asian plasterboard manufacturing joint venture which had had some consequences for Boral’s production organization

1 more examples Folie 15!

Detailed example on Folie 16+17!

A

…

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32
Q

FDI that is based on a firm developing a new line of business may be riskier than one seeking a straightforward expansion of existing commercial territory, but the ?? are also higher.

A

potential rewards

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33
Q

MNEs can use several and different Mode of Entry, depending on what? (2)

A

scope and goal

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34
Q

Folie 18!

A

…

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35
Q

The injection of capital fosters both capacity formation and the ?? embodied in it

A

technology

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36
Q

International production

Example: The (part of) production made in an own-facility located abroad (take the HQ as home country)

A

…

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37
Q

Selected indicators of FDI and international production, 2022 and selected years

A

FOLIE 19

38
Q

The international production is the sum of the production of all subsidiaries abroad. (value of foreign production activities for which TNCs are responsible)

A

…

39
Q

Name the 4 main indicators that can account to the internationalization of a firm and that can be used to examine different companies in terms of their degree of internationalization!

A

Sales of foreign affiliates

Value added (product) of foreign affiliates

Total assets of foreign affiliates

Employment by foreign affiliates

(Verkäufe ausländischer Tochtergesellschaften

Wertschöpfung (Produkt) der ausländischen Tochtergesellschaften

Gesamtvermögen der ausländischen Tochtergesellschaften

Beschäftigte durch ausländische Tochtergesellschaften)

40
Q

Internationalization statistics of the 100 largest non-financial MNEs, worldwide and from developing economies

-> Folie 20!!

A

…

41
Q

Trade

?(1)? = goods made in the home country and sell it abroad

?(2)? = trade takes place between parts of the same company located in different countries (HOME <–> HOST <–> Host)

A

(1) Exports

(2) Intra-firm trade

42
Q

Swiss-Swedish MNE ABB uses its Ludvika site to make many of the electrical modules (like current transformers or voltage transformers) that it sells to customers and/or fits into more complex products that ABB manufactures elsewhere.

This is a form of ?? where each unit is producing part of the final product and the finished goods is assembled in different moment.

A

Vertical Internationalization

43
Q

Other Modalities:
?? = Contracts between a firm in the home country and host country enterprises/institutions

A

contractual forms

44
Q

Other Modalities:

Certain degree of externalization of activities (i.e. R&D, production, marketing, IT etc.) to partner external to the firm
-> it’s the ?? form of network

A

first

45
Q

Other Modalities

Equity involvement is not mandatory if…?

A

…there is a substantial investment (it’s called ‘ownership control’)

46
Q

Equity involvement is not mandatory. Non-equity agreements are the norm.

True/False?

A

True

47
Q

Bargain power can change according to?

A

the actors involved

48
Q

?? = The act of transferring some of a company’s recurring interval activities and decision rights to outside providers, as set in a contract.

A

Outsourcing

(Deutsch: Die vertraglich festgelegte Übertragung eines Teils der wiederkehrenden Intervallaktivitäten und Entscheidungsrechte eines Unternehmens auf externe Anbieter.)

49
Q

Outsourcing is part of what kind of decision?

A

make or buy decision

50
Q

A firm can outsource in home or abroad.

True/False?

A

True

51
Q

A firm can outsource in home or abroad.

If abroad, it is called ?(1)? or ?(2)?.

A

(1) “international outsourcing”

(2) “international subcontracting”

52
Q

Outsourcing

Remember: a firm is not an island (!)

Rules and norms apply in different way, in different countries.

It can cause some problems

A

…

53
Q

International Production can occur through? (2)

A

Outsourcing

Offshoring

54
Q

International Production

Outsourcing can happen in which ways? (2)

A

Outsourcing of an entire function of the firm

Outsourcing through an Collaborative Partnership

55
Q

Offshoring can happen through? (2)

A

a branch

a subsidiary

56
Q

What is most of the time the requirement for outsourcing an entire function of the firm? (quasi)

A

That the firm is big enough to control the supplier(s).

57
Q

Offshoring

A branch has more autonomy than a subsidiary because it has different departments like R&D, operations, marketing and so on (Hab da auch andere Meinungen schon zu gelesen, kommt vermutlich darauf an was genau am Ende gemeint ist)

A

…

58
Q

?? = contractual agreements to collaborate on specific projects or on a variety of them often for long or indeterminate periods

A

Collaborative partnership (see p.220-221 Dicken)

(Deutsch: = vertragliche Vereinbarungen über die Zusammenarbeit an bestimmten oder verschiedenen Projekten, oft für lange oder unbestimmte Zeit)

59
Q

Link zu Uber&Spotify example
-> https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-30080974

A

…

60
Q

Name three examples (companies) that use franchising!

A

McDonald

Starbucks

Carrefour

61
Q

?(1)? is a contractual entry mode in which one company (the ?(2)?) supplies another (the ?(3)?) with intangible property and other assistance over an extended period.

A

(1) Franchising

(2) franchiser

(3) franchisee

62
Q

https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Luxotticas-portfolio-of-brand-licenses-of-eyewear-products7_fig2_273764681

-> sehr lange Studie zum Thema licensing (lesen falls Zeit)

A

…

63
Q

?(1)? is a contractual entry mode in which a company that owns intangible property (the ?(2)?) grants another firm (the ?(3)?) the right to use that property for a specified period of time.

A

(1) Licensing

(2) licensor

(3) licensee

64
Q

Commonly licensed intangible property includes: ?? (5)

A

patents

copyrights

special formulas and designs

trademarks

brand names

65
Q

Licensing, example:
- Luxottica for fashion brand name
- HM with Karl Lagerfeld in 2018
- Hitachi, of Japan, licensed technology to be used in the recycling of plastics from Duales System Deutschland of Germany

A

…

66
Q

Trade vs. FDI

Name 3 advantages of Trade only (Import/Export)!

A

easier to manage, requires less knowledge

engages less capital, thus lower risk

keeps balance sheet smaller and more flexible, thus more responsive to changing economic situation

67
Q

Trade vs. FDI

Name 3 disadvantages of Trade only (Import/Export)!

A

Firm develops less overseas experience

The value added generated during the good’s transformation will have to be shared with other companies

Depends on partners; risk of opportunistic behaviour

68
Q

Trade vs. FDI

Name 3 disadvantages of FDIs!

A

Harder to manage

Harder to finance

Greater risk of failure

69
Q

Trade vs. FDI

Name 3 advantages of FDIs!

A

control/confidentiality

higher profit potential / visibility

Increses knowledge of/comfort with foreign market

70
Q

Trade vs. FDI

-> Tabellenüberblick (Folie31)

A

…

71
Q

Mode of Entry in foreign market

Firm remain domestic from but buys foreign supplier/sells to foreign buyer.

What mode of entry?

A

Import/Export from home

72
Q

Mode of Entry in foreign market

Firm gives permission to an agent to manufacture/retail abroad on its behalf

What mode of entry?

A

Licensing/franchising

73
Q

Mode of Entry in foreign market

Firm makes equity investment abroad together with partner

What mode of entry?

A

Joint venture (form of FDI)

74
Q

Mode of Entry in foreign market

Firm makes standalone equity investment abroad.

What mode of entry?

A

Wholly owned subsidiary (FDI)

75
Q

Mode of Entry in foreign market

Order the different entry modes in foreign markets from low to high regarding their Scale of Commitment.

Import/export from home
Joint Venture (form of FDI)
Wholly owned subsidiary (FDI)
Licensing/franchising

A
  1. Import/export from home
  2. Licensing/franchising
  3. Joint Venture (form of FDI)
  4. Wholly owned subsidiary (FDI)

(siehe auch Folie32)

76
Q

See Appendix A Chapter 2 (Ietto-Gillies)

?(1)? = +50% of the firm ownership

?(2)? = <10% of the firm ownership and <50% shareholding power vote

?(3)? = wholly or jointly owned unincorporated enterprise

A

(1) Subsidiary

(2) Associate

(3) Branch

77
Q

Branch:

A permanent establishment or office of the ?(1)?

Unicorporated partnership or joint venture

Land, structures and/or immovable equipment and objects directly owned by ?(2)?

mobile equipment for at least ?(3)? year (i.e. ships, aircrafts, oil-drilling)

A

(1) foreign investor

(2) foreign resident

(3) one

78
Q

Indirect cross-border flows

Each link is a pipeline for flows of ?(1)? and ?(2)?

A

(1) people

(2) knowledge

79
Q

Indirect cross-border flows

What flows have MNEs to manage between and within their firm? (4)

A

flow of people

flow of knowledge

flow of products

flow of finance

80
Q

?? = this strategy allows firms to concentrate their capabilities and resources in their respective core businessses, giving up those activities where firms do not have any competitive advantage.

A

Outsourcing (p. 209-215 Dicken, GS)

81
Q

There is commercial and industrial outsourcing.

Name 3 characteristics of industrial outsourcing!

A

Specialty

cost-saving

complementary

82
Q

Outsourcing as a multi-tired process
-> Folie36

A

…

83
Q

Major features of the outsourcing relationship:

Name benefits (3) and costs/risks (1) to principal firm!

A

benefits

Avoids need to invest in new production capacity

Flexible: easier to change suppliers

Externalizes some risks, while retaining some control

costs/risks:

Possible problems of controlling how suppliers work (including labour issues)

84
Q

Major features of the outsourcing relationship:

Types of relationship between principal firm and supplier:

Time period may be: ?? (3)

A

long term
/
short term
/
single batch

85
Q

Major features of the outsourcing relationship:

Types of relationship between principal firm and supplier:

Principal may provide some or all materials or components

Principal may provide detailed design or specification

Principal may provide finance, e.g. loan capital

Principal may provide machinery and equipment

Principal may provide general and/or technical assistance and advice

Principal is invariably responsible for all marketing arrrangements

A

…

86
Q

Major features of the outsourcing relationship:

Name benefits (3) and costs/risks (2) to supplier!

A

benefits:

Access to markets

Continuity of orders

Access to technical knowledge, possible injection of finance

costs:

Risk of being ‘expendable’ if principal firm changes its priorities

Possible over-dependence on one or a small number of customers

87
Q

Reorganization and Restructuring (p.223-229, Dicken, GS) -> nachlesen

A firm can change his internationalization strategy after a while (for example when something happens on the global level).

Nenne externe Bedingungen (external condition), die eine Reorganization or Restructuring erforderlich machen können. (5)

A

declining demand

increased competition in domestic or foreign market

changes in cost or availability of production inputs

militancy and resistance of labour forces

pressure of national governements

88
Q

Reorganization and Restructuring (p.223-229, Dicken, GS) -> nachlesen

A firm can change his internationalization strategy after a while (for example when something happens on the global level).

Nenne interne Bedingungen (internal condition), die eine Reorganization or Restructuring erforderlich machen können. (2)

A

Object of failure

production costs too high

89
Q

Reorganization, restructuring and geographical change

In situ adjustment

Locational shifts

–> FOLIE 39!!

A

…

90
Q

Folie 40+41 Quiz (!!!)

A

…

91
Q
A

E&MoMNEs (3 decks)

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