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MCAT Biology > 3. Microbiology > Flashcards

3. Microbiology Flashcards

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1
Q

Active Transport

A

Compound going against electrochemical gradient. Requires energy.

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2
Q

Amphipathic

A

Polar and non-polar. Phospholipid is polar on the phosphate group end, and non-polar on the fatty acid end.

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3
Q

Archaea

A

Domain of prok. Have commonality with euk and bact. Typically found in extreme enevironments. Cell walls are not made of peptidoglycan like batcteria.

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4
Q

Autotrophs

A

Organisms capabl of using CO2 as their sole source of carbon.

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5
Q

Bacilli

A

Rod shaped bacteria.

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6
Q

Bacteria

A

2nd domain of prok.

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7
Q

Bacterial Envelope

A

Surrounds the plasma membrane.

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8
Q

Bacteriophage

A

Infects bacteria. Distinct feature is tail and fibers.

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9
Q

Binary Fission

A

A cell division that is asexual reproduction bacteria undergo. Two DNA polymerases begin at the origin of replication and make two copies of the bacteria circular DNA. Results in 2 genetically identical daughter cells.

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10
Q

Budding

A

aka cell fission. A form of asexual reproduction by fungi. Smaller cell pinches off from the single parent cell.

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11
Q

Capsid

A

Protein coat on a virus.

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12
Q

Carrier Population

A

When more than one animal carry the viral infections, making difficult to completely eliminate the virus.

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13
Q

Carrier Proteins

A

aka transport proteins. In the membrane to assist diffusion of specific molecules across the membrane.

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14
Q

Chitin

A

Polysaccharide making up fungi cell wall (septa). Resistant to microbial attack.

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15
Q

Chemical Concentration Gradient

A

Gradual change in conc. Of a compound over a distance. It will point in the direction of lower conc.

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16
Q

Chemotrophs

A

Use oxidation of organic or inorganic matter as energy source.

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17
Q

Cocci

A

Round shaped bacteria.

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18
Q

Conjugation

A

Require one bacteria have a plasmid with the gene that codes for the sex pilus. DNA is always from the cell with the conjugative plasmid to the cell that doesn’t have it.

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19
Q

Diffusion

A

Moves in direction of lower concentration. “In the direction of DECREASING free energy and INCREASING universal entrophy.”

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20
Q

DNA Viruses

A

Viruses may have single or double stranded DNA. Ex. Double-stranded DNA: Chicken pox, Shingles, Hep B, Herpes, Mononucleosis, Small Pox.

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21
Q

Dormant Viruses

A

Aka latent. This is when viral DNA remains incorporated in the host DNA and not activated.

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22
Q

Electrical Gradient

A

Pointing in the direction that the positively charged particle will tend to move.

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23
Q

Electrochemical Gradient

A

Combining concentration and electrical gradients.

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24
Q

Endocytotic

A

Host cell engulfs the virus, which enters and begin infection.

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25
Q

Envelope

A

Some viruses have a lipid-rich envelope around them. It’s either borrowed from the host cell membrane or was synthesized in the host cell cytoplasm. Envelope typically contains some virus-specific proteins.

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26
Q

Extrinsic Proteins

A

Aka Peripheral. Protein situated entirely on the the surfaces of the membrane.

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27
Q

F Plasmid

A

Fertility Factor. The gene codes for the sex pilus.

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28
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A

Occurs down the electro-chemical gradient.

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29
Q

Fixing CO2

A

Reducing CO2 and using the carbon to create organic molecules usually through process of Calvin cycle. Energy expensive.

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30
Q

Fertility Factor

A

F plasmid.

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31
Q

Flagella

A

Long, hollow, rigid, helical made from flagellin. Allow bacteria to move. COUNTERCLOCKWISE to move forward. CLOCKWISE to tumble and change direction. Energy comes from proton gradient.

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32
Q

Flagellin

A

Globular protein making up the flagella.

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33
Q

Fluid Mosaic Model

A

Membrane is fluid, its parts can move laterally but cannot separate. The components are held together by intermolecular forces. The mosaic aspect of the membrane is reflected in the asymmetrical layout of its proteins.

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34
Q

Fungi

A

A kingdom. Euk heterotrophs, obtain food by absorption (secrete digestive enzymes outside their bodies and absorb food) instead of ingestion.

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35
Q

Glycerol

A

Backbone component of phospholipid, which makes up the membrane.

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36
Q

Gram-negative Bacteria

A

THIN peptidoglycan. PINK. Periplasmic space is between phospholipid bilayer (contains lipopolysaccharides) and peptidoglycan.

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37
Q

Gram-positive Bacteria

A

THICK peptidoglycan prevents gram from leaking. PURPLE. Allow large molecules up to glucose diffuse. Periplasmic space is between plasma membrane and cell wall.

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38
Q

Gram Staining

A

Technique to identity between gram positive and gram negative bacteria.

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39
Q

Haploid (Fungi)

A

Predominates life of fungi. It is fungi’s growth stage. Hyphae are haploid.

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40
Q

Heterotrophs

A

Organisms use preformed organic molecules as their source of carbon. Organic molecules that comes from other living and dead.

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41
Q

Host

A

The cell that is being infected.

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42
Q

Hydrostatic Pressure

A

Pressure created by water as it fills the cell.

43
Q

Hypertonic

A

Cytosol contains MORE particles than solution surrounding bacteria.

44
Q

Hyphae

A

Multiply branched thread-like structures, which makes up the Mycellium that we see when we think of fungus.

45
Q

Hypotonic

A

Cytosol contains LESS particles than solution surrounding bacteria. Without the cell wall, this cell would burst.

46
Q

Intrinsic Proteins

A

Aka Integral. Protein that transverse the membrane, from inside to outside of cell. Amphipathic.

47
Q

Latent Period

A

Period from infection to lysis. It includes the eclipse period, which is the period before first fully formed virion appears.

48
Q

Isotonic

A

Cytosol contains SAME amount of particles as the solutions surrounding bacteria.

49
Q

Lysogenic

A

Longer cycle. Viral DNA (or RNA reverse transcribed) is incorporated into the host genome.

50
Q

Lytic

A

Shorter cycle. Virus commandeers the cell’s reproductive machinery and begins reproducing new viruses.

51
Q

Membrane Transport

A

Passive diffusion, selective, active transport

52
Q

Micelle

A

The spherical shape that is formed when phospholipids are palced in solution. The inside is non-polar and the outside is polar facing the solution.

53
Q

Minus-strand RNA

A

Complement to mRNA and must be trascriped to plus-RNA before translated. Ex. Measles, Rabies and Flu.

54
Q

Mycelium

A

tangled mass in fungi’s growth stage. What we see when we think of fungus/mold.

55
Q

Nucleoid

A

Prok lacks a nucleus. Their “center” is made up of DNA, RNA and protein complex. It is membraneless.

56
Q

Origin of Replication

A

Start of replication of circular DNA in bacteria.

57
Q

Osmotic Pressure

A

Osmotic pressure is the pressure which needs to be applied to a solution to prevent the inward flow of water across a semipermeable membrane. It is also defined as the minimum pressure needed to nullify osmosis.

58
Q

Passive Diffusion

A

Moving across the membrane due to random motion. Ex. Polar/charged molecules through leakage channels created by irregularly shaped integral proteins.

59
Q

Peptidoglycan

A

Makes up bacteria cell wall. A series of disaccharide polymer chains with amino acids. AA are connected and cross-linked. It is porous, allows large molecules to pass.

60
Q

Phospholipid (What are the components?)

A

Composed of 1) phosphate group, 2) two fatty acid chains, 3) glycerol backbone.

61
Q

Phototrophs

A

Use light as energy source.

62
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

Phospholipid bilayer surrounding the cytosol.

63
Q

Plasmid

A

Small circles of DNA that exist and replicate independently of the bacterial chromosome. They are not essential.

64
Q

Plus-strand RNA

A

Proteins can be directly translated from the RNA. Unenveloped ones are responsible for the common cold.

65
Q

Polarity

A

Greater the polarity, less permeable the membrane to that molecule.

66
Q

Prokaryotes

A

Do not have a membrane bound nucleus.

67
Q

Prophage

A

This is when the host cell is a bacterium and the viral DNA remains incorporated in the host DNA.

68
Q

Provirus

A

When the viral DNA remains incorporated in the host DNA.

69
Q

Retroviruses

A

Contains reverse transcriptase. Enveloped plus-strand RNA causes AIDS.

70
Q

Reverse Transcriptase

A

Ability of some viruses to reverse transcribed RNA to DNA to incorporate into host cell genome.

71
Q

Saprophytic

A

Fungi are considered this, means to live off dead organic matter, but they can live off living matter too, which makes them pathogens (disease causing).

72
Q

Selectively Permeable

A

Facilitated difusion makes membrane selectively permeable because it is able to select between molecules of similar size and charge.

73
Q

Septa

A

Fungi’s cell wall made up of chitin.

74
Q

Sex Pilus

A

Hollow, protein tube that connects two bacteria to allow the passage of DNA, from bacteria with the conjugative plasmid to cell that doesn’t have it.

75
Q

Spirilla

A

Helically RIGID shaped bacteria.

76
Q

Spirochetes

A

Herically not rigid shaped bacteria. May have given the euk the flagella.

77
Q

Spores

A

Hyphae form reproductive structures that release haploid spores, which give rise to new mycelia in ASEXUAL reproduction.

78
Q

Transduction

A

When capsid of bacteriophage mistakenly take up DNA fragment of the host cell. When they infect a new bactera, they inject harmless bacterial DNA instead of virulent DNA. The harmless DNA gets incorporated into the host’s choromosal DNA.

79
Q

Transformation

A

Bacteria incorporate DNA from external environment into their genome. External DNA is added or from lyses of other bacteria.

80
Q

Vaccine

A

An injection of antibodies or nonpathogenic virus with the same capsid or envlelope, for body to create antibodies against the virus.

81
Q

Vector

A

The virus that mediates transduction.

82
Q

Virus Structure

A

Capsid, nucelic acid, MAYBE envelope, tail, base plate, and tail fibers for most bacteriophages.

83
Q

Virulent Virus

A

A virus following the lytic cycle.

84
Q

Temperate Virus

A

A virus following the lysogenic cycle.

85
Q

Mesosomes

A

Invaginations of the plasma membrane in prok. Involved in cell wall formation.

86
Q

Inclusion Bodies

A

Found in prok.

87
Q

Differences in Steroid on membrane in Prok vs. Euk

A

Prok contains steroid-like molecules called HOPANOIDS. Euk contains stroids like cholesterol.

88
Q

Fxn of Membrane Proteins: Transporters

A

Protein select which solutes enter and leave the cell.

89
Q

Fxn of Membrane Proteins: Receptors

A

Receives chemical signals from the cellular environment and messaging inside the cell.

90
Q

Fxn of Membrane Proteins: Attachment Sites

A

Anchor to the cytoskeleton.

91
Q

Fxn of Membrane Proteins: Identifier

A

Allow other cells to recognize.

92
Q

Fxn of Membrane Proteins: Adhesion

A

Connect one cell to another

93
Q

Fxn of Membrane Proteins: Enzyme

A

Place for chemical reactions to occur.

94
Q

Semipermeable

A

Slows diffusion but does not stop it. Membrane semipermeability is affected by size and polarity.

95
Q

Do Bacteria undergo mitosis and meiosis?

A

NO. They do not reproduce sexually.

96
Q

Name the 3 genetic recombination bacteria undergo.

A

Conjugation, Transformation, and Transduction.

97
Q

R Plasmid

A

Donates resistance to certain antibiotics. A conjugative plasmid.

98
Q

Endospores

A

Gram-positive bacteria can form endospores, triggered by lack of nutrients. Bacterium divides within its cell wall and one side engulfs another. Lies dormant for hundres of years. Resistant to heat and other stresses. Activated with eat. Germination triggered by nutrients.

99
Q

The lipopolysaccharide layer outside the peptidoglycan cell wall of a gram negative bacterium

A

protects the bacterium agaisnt certain antibiotics.

100
Q

Is yeast unicellular or multi?

A

Yeast is the only unicellular fungi. Fungi are multicellular.

101
Q

Fungi are classifed as a distinct kingdom because

A

they have characteristics that are both plant-like and animal-like

102
Q

Kingdom of Fungi and Plants divide into what next?

A

Divisions. Not Phyla.

103
Q

Name the Taxonomic Order in Bio

A

Keep Pond Clean Or Froggy Gets Sick OR Dirty, Kinky People Can Often Find Great Sex

MCAT Biology (9 decks)

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