3 main categories of rocks

Question 1

Forms when magma or lava cool to solid form, either glass or masses of tightly intergrown mineral crystals

Answer 1

Igneous Rocks

Question 2

Completely or partly molten rocks inside the earth’s crust

Answer 2

Magma

Question 3

solid – _____________
melt – ions
volatiles – vapors

Answer 3

silicate minerals

Question 4

solid – silicate minerals
melt – __________
volatiles – vapors

Answer 4

ions

Question 5

solid – silicate minerals
melt – ions
__________ – vapors

Answer 5

volatiles

Question 6

Magma that reached the surface

Answer 6

Lava

Question 7

Crystals are large if they had a long time to grow in a _____________.

Answer 7

slowly cooling magma

Question 8

Crystals are small if they formed quickly in _____________.

Answer 8

rapidly
cooling lava

Question 9

Formed from magma and tends to take a long time to solidify into rock

Answer 9

Intrusive or Plutonic

Question 10

Igneous rock that has phaneritic texture

Answer 10

Intrusive or Plutonic

Question 11

Formed from lava
and tends to solidify quickly

Answer 11

Extrusive or Volcanic

Question 12

Igneous rock whose common
textures include aphanitic and porphyritic

Answer 12

Extrusive or Volcanic

Question 13

granitic: >65% silica, generally
light-colored

Answer 13

Felsic

Question 14

andesitic: 55-65% silica,
generally medium colored (medium gray)

Answer 14

Intermediate

Question 15

basaltic: 45-55% silica, usually
dark colored

Answer 15

Mafic

Question 16

<45% silica, generally very
dark colored

Answer 16

Ultramafic

Question 17

The overall appearance of rock based on size, shape, and crystal arrangement

Answer 17

Texture

Question 18

Factors affecting the texture of Igneous rocks:
1. Rate of cooling
2. Amount of Silica
3. Amount of __________

Answer 18

Volatiles

Question 19

Rocks that have large crystals embedded in a matrix of smaller crystals

Answer 19

Porphyritic

Question 20

Large crystals in Phorphyritic rocks

Answer 20

Phenocrysts

Question 21

The matrix of smaller crystals in Phorphyritic rocks

Answer 21

Groundmass

Question 22

Texture that is produced when magma cools slowly at depth

Answer 22

Phaneritic (course-grained)

Question 23

Texture of a rock that consists of a mass of intergrown crystals that are roughly equal in size and are large enough so that it can be identified without an aid of a microscope

Answer 23

Phaneritic (course-grained)

Question 24

Texture that is produced when lava cooled quickly on or near the Earth’s surface

Answer 24

Aphanitic (fine-grained)

Question 25

Aphanitic a = not phaner = __________

Answer 25

visible

Question 26

Crystals that are so small that they can only be distinguished through the use of microscope

Answer 26

Aphanitic (fine-grained)

Question 27

Texture of a rock produced by slow then rapid cooling

Answer 27

Porphyritic

Question 28

Texture of a rock produced by very rapid cooling

Answer 28

Glassy

Question 29

Texture of a rock produced from the debris of an explosive eruption

Answer 29

Pyroclastic

Question 30

Texture of a rock with air bubbles trapped inside

Answer 30

Vesicular

Question 31

Texture of a rock with unusual large crystals

Answer 31

Pegmatitic

Question 32

Category of rock that formed at or near the surface of the Earth

Answer 32

Sedimentary Rocks

Question 33

Formed when mineral crystals and clasts of plants, animals, or rocks are compressed or naturally cemented together.

Answer 33

Sedimentary Rocks

Question 34

The process of breaking down or dissolving rocks

Answer 34

Weathering

Question 35

The process by which the soil and rock particles are driven by a transport agent

Answer 35

Erosion

Question 36

The laying down of sediment carried by any transport agent

Answer 36

Deposition

Question 37

The process wherein the sediments are turned into sedimentary rocks.

Answer 37

Lithification

Question 38

Sedimentary rocks formed from the eroded parts of other rocks

Answer 38

Clastic

Question 39

Components of Clastic rocks

Answer 39

grains, matrix, cement

Question 40

Grains, matrix and cement are the components of __________ rocks.

Answer 40

Clastic

Question 41

Sedimentary rocks formed from the accumulation of materials that originated and is transported as solid particles derived from both chemical and mechanical weathering

Answer 41

Detrital

Question 42

Sedimentary rocks that form via evaporation and precipitation from solution or lithification of organic matter

Answer 42

Non-Clastic

Question 43

Classified as evaporites (halite, gypsum, and dolostone), precipitates (limestone), and bioclastics (coal, coquina)

Answer 43

Non-Clastic Sedimentary Rocks

Question 44

Sedimentary rock that forms when a soluble material produced by chemical weathering are precipitated by either organic or inorganic processes

Answer 44

Chemical

Question 45

Sedimentary rock that forms from the accumulation and lithification of organic debris, such as leaves, roots, and other plant or animal material

Answer 45

Organic

Question 46

_____________, which means to “change form,” is a process that leads to changes in the mineral content, texture, and sometimes the chemical composition of rocks.

Answer 46

Metamorphism

Question 47

Takes place where preexisting rock is subjected to new conditions, usually elevated temperatures and pressures, that are significantly different from those in which it initially formed

Answer 47

Metamorphism

Question 48

The most important factor driving metamorphism

Answer 48

Heat

Question 49

Provides the energy needed to drive the chemical reactions that result in the recrystallization of existing minerals and/or the formation of new minerals

Answer 49

Heat

Question 50

Like temperature, it also increases with depth as the thickness of the overlying rock increases

Answer 50

Pressure

Question 51

Mostly, the fluid is water that contains ions in the solution, thus hydrating the minerals during the process

Answer 51

Chemically Active Fluids

Question 52

2 Textures of Metamorphic Rocks

Answer 52

Foliated and Nonfoliated

Question 53

The term foliation refers to any planar (nearly flat) arrangement of mineral grains or structural features within a rock.

Answer 53

Foliated Texture

Question 54

The term __________ refers to any planar (nearly flat) arrangement of mineral grains or structural features within a rock.

Answer 54

foliation

Question 55

Typically develop environments where deformation is minimal and the parent rocks are composed of minerals that exhibit equidimensional crystals, such as quartz or calcite

Answer 55

Nonfoliated Texture

Question 56

Type of Metamorphism that has heat and reactive fluids as main factors

Answer 56

Contact Metamorphism

Question 57

Occurs when a pre-existing rock gets in contact with magma

Answer 57

Contact Metamorphism

Question 58

Create nonfoliated metamorphic rocks

Answer 58

Contact Metamorphism

Question 59

Type of Metamorphism that has pressure as main factor

Answer 59

Regional Metamorphism

Question 60

Occurs in areas that have undergone considerable amount of mechanical deformation and chemic recrystallization during orogenic event which are commonly associated with mountain belts

Answer 60

Regional Metamorphism

Question 61

Type of Metamorphism that occurs in a regional/large scale

Answer 61

Regional Metamorphism

Question 62

Create foliated metamorphic rocks

Answer 62

Regional Metamorphism

Question 63

Rocks that are altered at high temperatures and moderate pressures by hydrothermal fluids

Answer 63

Hydrothermal Metamorphism

Question 64

Type of Metamorphism that is common in basaltic rocks that generally lack hydrous minerals

Answer 64

Hydrothermal Metamorphism

Question 65

When an extraterrestrial body, such as meteorite or comet impacts with the Earth or if there is a very large volcanic explosion, ultrahigh pressures can be generated in the impacted rock.

Answer 65

Shock Metamorphism

Question 66

These ultrahigh pressures can produce minerals that are only stable at very high pressure, such as the SiO2 polymorphs coesite and stishovite.

Answer 66

Shock Metamorphism

Question 67

They can produce textures known as shock lamellae in mineral grains, and such textures shatter cones in the impacted rock.

Answer 67

Shock Metamorphism