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earth sci > 3 main categories of rocks > Flashcards

3 main categories of rocks Flashcards

1
Q

Forms when magma or lava cool to solid form, either glass or masses of tightly intergrown mineral crystals

A

Igneous Rocks

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2
Q

Completely or partly molten rocks inside the earth’s crust

A

Magma

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3
Q

solid – _____________
melt – ions
volatiles – vapors

A

silicate minerals

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4
Q

solid – silicate minerals
melt – __________
volatiles – vapors

A

ions

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5
Q

solid – silicate minerals
melt – ions
__________ – vapors

A

volatiles

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6
Q

Magma that reached the surface

A

Lava

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7
Q

Crystals are large if they had a long time to grow in a _____________.

A

slowly cooling magma

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8
Q

Crystals are small if they formed quickly in _____________.

A

rapidly
cooling lava

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9
Q

Formed from magma and tends to take a long time to solidify into rock

A

Intrusive or Plutonic

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10
Q

Igneous rock that has phaneritic texture

A

Intrusive or Plutonic

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11
Q

Formed from lava
and tends to solidify quickly

A

Extrusive or Volcanic

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12
Q

Igneous rock whose common
textures include aphanitic and porphyritic

A

Extrusive or Volcanic

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13
Q

granitic: >65% silica, generally
light-colored

A

Felsic

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14
Q

andesitic: 55-65% silica,
generally medium colored (medium gray)

A

Intermediate

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15
Q

basaltic: 45-55% silica, usually
dark colored

A

Mafic

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16
Q

<45% silica, generally very
dark colored

A

Ultramafic

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17
Q

The overall appearance of rock based on size, shape, and crystal arrangement

A

Texture

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18
Q

Factors affecting the texture of Igneous rocks:
1. Rate of cooling
2. Amount of Silica
3. Amount of __________

A

Volatiles

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19
Q

Rocks that have large crystals embedded in a matrix of smaller crystals

A

Porphyritic

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20
Q

Large crystals in Phorphyritic rocks

A

Phenocrysts

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21
Q

The matrix of smaller crystals in Phorphyritic rocks

A

Groundmass

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22
Q

Texture that is produced when magma cools slowly at depth

A

Phaneritic (course-grained)

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23
Q

Texture of a rock that consists of a mass of intergrown crystals that are roughly equal in size and are large enough so that it can be identified without an aid of a microscope

A

Phaneritic (course-grained)

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24
Q

Texture that is produced when lava cooled quickly on or near the Earth’s surface

A

Aphanitic (fine-grained)

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25
Q

Aphanitic
a = not
phaner = __________

A

visible

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26
Q

Crystals that are so small that they can only be distinguished through the use of microscope

A

Aphanitic (fine-grained)

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27
Q

Texture of a rock produced by slow then rapid cooling

A

Porphyritic

28
Q

Texture of a rock produced by very rapid cooling

A

Glassy

29
Q

Texture of a rock produced from the debris of an explosive eruption

A

Pyroclastic

30
Q

Texture of a rock with air bubbles trapped inside

A

Vesicular

31
Q

Texture of a rock with unusual large crystals

A

Pegmatitic

32
Q

Category of rock that formed at or near the surface of the Earth

A

Sedimentary Rocks

33
Q

Formed when mineral crystals and clasts of plants, animals, or rocks are compressed or naturally cemented together.

A

Sedimentary Rocks

34
Q

The process of breaking down or
dissolving rocks

A

Weathering

35
Q

The process by which the soil and rock particles are driven by a transport agent

A

Erosion

36
Q

The laying down of sediment carried by any transport agent

A

Deposition

37
Q

The process wherein the sediments are turned into sedimentary rocks.

A

Lithification

38
Q

Sedimentary rocks formed from the eroded parts of other rocks

A

Clastic

39
Q

Components of Clastic rocks

A

grains, matrix, cement

40
Q

Grains, matrix and cement are the
components of __________ rocks.

A

Clastic

41
Q

Sedimentary rocks formed from the accumulation of materials that originated and is transported as solid particles derived from both chemical and mechanical weathering

A

Detrital

42
Q

Sedimentary rocks that form via evaporation and precipitation from solution or lithification of organic matter

A

Non-Clastic

43
Q

Classified as evaporites (halite, gypsum, and dolostone), precipitates (limestone), and bioclastics (coal, coquina)

A

Non-Clastic Sedimentary Rocks

44
Q

Sedimentary rock that forms when a soluble material produced by chemical weathering are precipitated by either organic or inorganic processes

A

Chemical

45
Q

Sedimentary rock that forms from the accumulation and lithification of organic debris, such as leaves, roots, and other plant or animal material

A

Organic

46
Q

_____________, which means to “change form,” is a process that leads to changes in the mineral content, texture, and sometimes the chemical composition of rocks.

A

Metamorphism

47
Q

Takes place where preexisting rock is
subjected to new conditions, usually elevated temperatures and pressures, that are significantly different from those in which it initially formed

A

Metamorphism

48
Q

The most important factor driving metamorphism

A

Heat

49
Q

Provides the energy needed to drive the chemical reactions that result in the recrystallization of existing minerals and/or the formation of new minerals

A

Heat

50
Q

Like temperature, it also increases with depth as the thickness of the overlying rock increases

A

Pressure

51
Q

Mostly, the fluid is water that contains ions in the solution, thus hydrating the minerals during the process

A

Chemically Active Fluids

52
Q

2 Textures of Metamorphic Rocks

A

Foliated and Nonfoliated

53
Q

The term foliation refers to any planar (nearly flat) arrangement of mineral grains or structural features within a rock.

A

Foliated Texture

54
Q

The term __________ refers to any planar (nearly flat) arrangement of mineral grains or structural features within a rock.

A

foliation

55
Q

Typically develop environments where deformation is minimal and the parent rocks are composed of minerals that exhibit equidimensional crystals, such as quartz or calcite

A

Nonfoliated Texture

56
Q

Type of Metamorphism that has heat and reactive fluids as main factors

A

Contact Metamorphism

57
Q

Occurs when a pre-existing rock gets in contact with magma

A

Contact Metamorphism

58
Q

Create nonfoliated metamorphic rocks

A

Contact Metamorphism

59
Q

Type of Metamorphism that has pressure as main factor

A

Regional Metamorphism

60
Q

Occurs in areas that have undergone considerable amount of mechanical deformation and chemic recrystallization during orogenic event which are commonly associated with mountain belts

A

Regional Metamorphism

61
Q

Type of Metamorphism that occurs in a regional/large scale

A

Regional Metamorphism

62
Q

Create foliated metamorphic rocks

A

Regional Metamorphism

63
Q

Rocks that are altered at high temperatures and moderate pressures by hydrothermal fluids

A

Hydrothermal Metamorphism

64
Q

Type of Metamorphism that is common in basaltic rocks that generally lack hydrous minerals

A

Hydrothermal Metamorphism

65
Q

When an extraterrestrial body, such as meteorite or comet impacts with the Earth or if there is a very large volcanic explosion, ultrahigh pressures can be generated in the impacted rock.

A

Shock Metamorphism

66
Q

These ultrahigh pressures can produce minerals that are only stable at very high pressure, such as the SiO2 polymorphs coesite and stishovite.

A

Shock Metamorphism

67
Q

They can produce textures known as shock lamellae in mineral grains, and such textures shatter cones in the impacted rock.

A

Shock Metamorphism

earth sci (1 decks)

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